Thursday, October 31, 2019
Competitive Advantage. The strengths and weaknesses of The Cheesecake Essay
Competitive Advantage. The strengths and weaknesses of The Cheesecake Factory - Essay Example The company has developed a brand for itself owing to various recognitions that it has received for delivering quality services to the customers ([1] The Cheesecake Factory, 2013). With the changing nature of business environment, competition has become quite fierce among the companies. As there lay numerous companies that deal with similar products in the business markets, customers have utmost number of choices for themselves to make. This vital aspect eventually forces the companies to enhance their competitiveness and gain a unique reputation for themselves. 1. Explain the Restaurant's Strengths and Weaknesses, and Justify Your Explanation Strengths of the Cheesecake Factory The Cheesecake Factory has several strengths that differentiate itself from other companies in terms of maintaining long-term sustainable operation over the years. Among the major strengths of the company, its recognition as a quality product or service provider is the prime one. It has been noted that the company has received several noteworthy awards for conducting effective business practices and the quality products or services that it delivered to the customers. A few of the awards received by the company include ‘2012 Nation’s Restaurant News Menu Masters Award for â€Å"Healthful Innovations’, ‘2010 Zagat Survey - Best Desserts and Best Salads’ and ‘2007 Zagat Survey "Most Popular Restaurant, Southern California & San Francisco"’ among others.... News Menu Masters Award for â€Å"Healthful Innovations’, ‘2010 Zagat Survey - Best Desserts and Best Salads’ and ‘2007 Zagat Survey "Most Popular Restaurant, Southern California & San Francisco"’ among others. All these awards signify the extent of satisfaction that it provided to the customers through deliverance of quality product or services. This aspect might work better towards enhancing the brand image of the company in the coming years. The other strength of the company which differentiates itself from others is its specialization in dessert product line. This aspect may enable the company to change or develop its food line in accordance with the changing needs and taste preferences of the customers. Additionally, this diversified approach of presenting itself might further influence the customers to visit the stores of the company frequently and try something new every time. Apart from this, the other strength of the company can be viewed is its personal website which is quite easy to use and interactive wherein customers are able to find maximum information about the products or services that they require ([2] The Cheesecake Factory, 2013). Weaknesses Certain unfavorable aspects associated with the company impose unfavorable impact upon its overall business along with operational performance by a certain degree. In this context, one of the major weaknesses of the company can be apparently observed is the ideals, mission and vision that are quite reluctant to change in accordance with the changing nature of the business market. Since every market has its own need and nature, strategies of the company should need to be developed accordingly. Moreover, another weakness of the company is its lack of advertising. The company will need to remain much aware
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Privacy on the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Privacy on the Web - Essay Example Although web providers guarantee the confidentiality of user data, security of customer information is often compromised due to several reasons and this situation negatively affects users’ privacy on the web. This paper will apply the decision making framework to analyze ‘privacy on the web’ and discuss the ethical approach that comes closest to the decision made. Decision Making Framework Reynolds (2011, P. 18) has outlined five phases in the decision-making process such as developing problem statement, identifying alternatives, evaluating and choosing alternatives, implementing decision, and evaluating results. Stakeholders affected by the decision are identified in the problem statement phase without making any assumption. Evidently, internet users are the primary stakeholders of any decision regarding the privacy on the web because they face increased threat to confidentiality and security of their personal data on the web. In addition, marketers represent ano ther major stakeholder group because the way the privacy on the web is protected can greatly affect the users’ confidence in organizations, which in turn would significantly influence organizations’ business growth. The government and other official authorities concerned are some other main stakeholders because they are responsible for securing the privacy of users on the web. There are many ways to protect users’ privacy on the web. First, strict website policies can greatly promote user privacy on the web because websites directly receive and store abundant customer data such as name, contact numbers, and credit card details. Secondly, well stated technical and privacy policy protections can enhance privacy on the web to a great extent. Thirdly, some recent proposals for government regulations can be a better alternative to promote the confidentiality of internet users. As Tracy, Jansen, Scarfone & Winograd (2007) report, tt seems that organizations often comp romise their website policies to entertain their personal interests and this situation in turn negatively affects security of user information on the web. Similarly, technical and privacy policy protections may not often ensure privacy on the web considering the growing prevalence of computer hacking and other malware attacks. Hence, it is better to choose new proposals for government regulations as a potential strategy to enhance privacy on the web. When the government directly regulates organizations’ privacy protection policies, privacy on the web is likely to be protected effectively. In order to ensure government intervention in user privacy protection on the web, it is vital to define the areas where the government can regulate and restrict websites’ activities. It is advisable for the government to strictly limit websites’ rights to use customer information/data beyond the purpose for which the data/information was actually collected. Finally, it would be better to establish a separate governmental agency to monitor websites’ efforts to secure privacy on the web. The governmental agency must comprise policymakers, law professionals, and technical experts. Undoubtedly, the direct government control over websites’ privacy protection practices can be effective to manage different challenges to privacy on the web. This approach will certainly promote the interests of organizations, online customers, and government authorities. However, this privacy protection
Sunday, October 27, 2019
The Democracy Of Walt Whitman English Literature Essay
The Democracy Of Walt Whitman English Literature Essay Did you, too, O friend, suppose democracy was only for elections, for politics, and for a party name I say democracy is only of use there that it may pass on and come to its flower and fruit in manners, in the highest forms of interaction between people, and their beliefs in religion, literature, colleges and schools democracy in all public and private life. (Whitman, Democratic Vistas) Thus speaks Walt Whitman on how everyday life is democracy to him. Whitman conceives of democracy as freedom from restraint, as liberty to do as one pleases (Ford, Conception). The very idea of democracy is not for politics but for the people themselves in everything that they do, say, or even feel. By examining Whitmans works we can see his democratic theory constantly portrayed throughout them and how in his lifetime it altered with major events like the Civil War and him coming face to face with the iniquities of war. Walter Walt Whitman born 1819 was an American poet and is often called the father of free verse. Whitmans own admiration for democracy can be at least attributed to his parents, who showed their own admiration for their country by naming Whitmans younger brothers after their American heroes. At the age of 17, Whitman decided to teach and then in 1841 He decided to set his sights on journalism becoming interested in the working of political democracy. He started off with a weekly paper and then later became an editor in New York. In 1848 Whitman moved to New Orleans to be an editor for a magazine, while he was there for only a short time he saw the horrors of slavery and fully understand the depravity of it. In 1862 he moved to Washington, D.C. and helped with wounded veterans, all the way contemplating on the Civil war (Walt Whitman. Bio.com). Whitman celebrates democracy in many of his works and his idea of the individual relative to democracy is a nation as a unified whole made up of unique but equal individuals. In the poem Ones Self I Sing (Whitman, Leaves of Grass) Whitman celebrates the unique individual but also the word Democracy, the word En-masse. This poem emphasizes and praises the value of the individual living within democratic society. The last stanza speaks of Whitmans concept of unrestrained freedom, freest action formd, under the laws divineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and [sings] Of Life immense in passion, pulse, and powerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Whitman singles out the word Cheerful referencing to how this theory of life is a joyous one. ONES-SELF I sing-a simple, separate Person; Yet utter the word Democratic, the word En-masse. Of Physiology from top to toe I sing; Not physiognomy alone, nor brain alone, is worthy for the muse-I say the Form complete is worthier far; The Female equally with the male I sing. Of Life immense in passion, pulse, and power, Cheerful-for freest action formd, under the laws divine, The Modern Man I sing. The relation to a democracy is that if founded on human rights is, as noted by Edward Dowden in The Poetry of Democracy The essential thing which gives one the freedom of the world is not to be born a man of this or that rank, or class, or caste, but simply to be born a man is what gives life worth living for. The second stanza focusing more on the subject of Whitmans poem and following poetry in Leaves of Grass, speaking of The Female equally with the maleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and Physiology from top to toe I sing saying how Whitman will use everything to sing the individual and democracy. Whitman references his critics of saying that the common person is not a subject of poetry with multiple statements of ONES-SELF I sing-a simple, separate Person making note of the praise of a simple man and then the word En-masse showing the brotherhood of the mass of people that are subjects worthy of poetry. Another portion of the second stanza in Ones-Self I Sing Whitman writes Not physiognomy alone , nor brain alone, is worthy for the muse-I say the Form complete is worthier farà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Form is the unity of everything from the mind, the soul, to the beauty of the individual. He ends the poem by completing his reference to the common man by stating The Modern Man I sing I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear, Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong, The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work, The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck, The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutters song, the ploughboys on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown, The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing, Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else, The day what belongs to the day-at night the party of young fellows, robust, friendly, Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs (Whitman. Leaves of Grass). This beautiful poem by Walt Whitman titled I hear America Singing speaks volumes of Whitmans pride in the common man and in democracy itself. In the first line I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear Whitman is hearing many versions of the songs of the people. While he doesnt state whether the singing is joyous or sorrowful or just for the sake of singing, he is referencing on how America is a diverse culture or has many faces and stories thus having varied carols. The next few lines mention multiple positions in the workforce each being blithe and strong. Whitman is expressing how everyone has a story from high to low and although each is different, they all have their freedom to do so. No matter their financial position or class each story is robust and lighthearted. The last part on the poem speaks of the women in America with Whitman wring of the freedom women enjoy in America with the line each singing what belongsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to her. Whitmans main idea of this poem is that America works hard to achieve their goals and that the riches they get are not seen economically but in the pride of being free and living democracy every day. I go around among these sights, among the crowded hospitals doing what I can, yet it is a mere drop in the bucket. . . the path I follow, I suppose I may say, is my own. (Whitman, Drum Taps) As Whitman aged, his love for democracy and the United States grew and in his years he developed the ideas of slavery being immoral and that territories admitted into the United States should only be done so if they were free states. On the other, Whitman detested the abolitionist movement thinking that the extremist on both sides would lead the United States to war and threaten to tear his beloved democracy apart. He was right. During the Civil War, Whitman traveled to Washington, D.C. to take of his younger brother that had been wounded in battle. Upon arriving in Washington and seeing the state of the soldier and the hospitals, Whitman stayed for four years serving as a nurse and helping the soldiers write letters to home. The whole time Whitman was in Washington he was writing notes in little journals and talking and listening to soldiers stories, helping them with their physiological issues. From his journals and experiences that changed Whitmans life, he wrote his book of poetry called Drum Taps. The poetry within Drum Taps shadows Whitmans change throughout the Civil War. Starting off with poems like First O Songs for a Prelude. This poem basically was a recruitment poem for the Civil War with saying that New York is full of pride and joy as the soldiers go off to war. The poems that come later in the book take on a different tone with the poem By The Bivouacs Fitful Flame, which tells of a soldiers thoughts on coming: While wind in procession thoughts, O tender and wondrous thoughts/Of life and death-of home and the past and loved, and of those that are far away, this shows Whitmans empathy with homesick soldiers and their emotional experience of the soldier and their plights while at war. Whitmans Come Up From The Fields, Father depicts the families side of the war by receiving a letter from a stranger O this is not our sons writing, yet his name is signd/ O stricken mothers soul/ The only son is dead. Whitman had experience on both sides, often being the one writing those horrible letters to the soldiers families to being part of waiting to receive news of the brother, George. They were fortunate to never receive that letter. Whitman places his personal experiences in the hospital passing sweet hours/immortal and mystic hours with/you, dearest comrade into a battlefield setting in the poem Vigil Strange I Kept On The Field One Night. By changing the scenes from the hospitals to a battlefield, Whitman not only captures his own experiences but tells the stories of the soldiers and the war. Whitmans explores the psychological effects from the Civil War on Americans even stating Curious as it may seem the War, to me, proved humanity. The Civil War changed Whitman, altering his views of man in a democracy, where the common man saves the day. Whitman hoped to achieve greater unity through the war bringing people of all areas, classes, and wealth together. Whitman, through the Civil War, wrote some of his greatest democratic poetry encompassing all of human nature. He finishes Drum Taps by declaring yet there are two things inure to me:/ I have nourishd the wounded, and soothd many al dying soldier;/ And at intervals I have strung together a few songs,/ Fit for war, and the life of the camp.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Glass Menagerie :: essays research papers
                                                                           ?The Glass Menagerie?           In the ?The Glass Menagerie?, two themes are used so that the characters can deal with their painful facts of life. ?Illusion? and ?Escape? are the two themes which all the characters use. Tom Wingfield uses both of these themes to try and live a good happy life. Tom is capable of maintaining a life outside of his home, at his job, and going out of town. Tom is not a business man, he prefers more of a literature and reading environment to sustain his fantasies. Amanda Wingfield is another character that uses illusion and escape to deal with the painful facts of life also.           The Wingfields are distinguished and tied together by their similarly weak relationships to reality. However, the illusions to which they concede are not exclusively a characteristic of theirs. The outside world is just as open to illusion. Tom also finds illusion in the movies he watches, Tom think?s that other viewers at the movies he attends are substituting on-screen adventure for real-life adventure, which fullfils his illusion rather than real life. Amanda's relationship to illusion is the most complicated in the play. Unlike her children, she is partial into the real world values and longs for social and financial success. Yet her attachment to these values is exactly what prevents her from perceiving a number of truths about her life. Amanda's retreat into illusion is in many ways more pathetic than her children's, because it is not a willful constructive imagination, but instead a wistful distortion of reality.                     Tom shows ?escape? because of not having a father, In the beginning of the movie, The Merchant Marine Service and the fire escape outside the apartment, haunts Tom. The play takes an unclear attitude toward the moral implications and even the effectiveness of Tom's escape. As an able bodied young man, he is locked into his life not by outside factors but by emotional ones. By his loyalty to and maybe even love for Laura and Amanda. Escape for Tom means the restrain and denial of these emotions in himself, and it means doing great harm to his mother and sister.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
The Cyclops
Odysseus, the guy who poked me in my only eye, has been fighting for ten years in a city called Troy. When he finally finished, the gods were angry and sent a huge storm in the sea their way. The Greek warriors waited for the storm to end. They ended up on the shore of an island. It’s actually my island. I, Polyphemus, live in a cave on my island. It has lots of food so I’m good. Odysseus and his men explored the island and found my cave. They feasted on my baby lambs, goats, fruits and vegetables.They knew I was going to arrive soon so they planned on offering wine. Then I came in and saw visitors that were not invited. I asked who they were. They said they are warriors from Troy and they were under protection from the god Zeus. I said that I don’t care if they were under protection from Zeus and that I was not afraid of him. I ate two guys and fell asleep. That night Odysseus desperately tried to think of a plan to escape. He found timber and sharpened the end of it. He offers me wine. I drank it.Then for the second time in the story I fall asleep. Odysseus and his men blind me with the sharpened timber. They hid under my fat lambs so I couldn’t find them. They quickly escape and run to their ship. Odysseus taunts me. I throw a boulder with my almost perfect aim. I miss by just a little bit so they got away safely. I mean, come on, they should’ve got a screwed up ship because I only missed by like inches , but anyways, yea, I promise to get revenge the next time he comes back and touches my eye.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Conflicting Perspectives Essay
As Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius once suggested â€Å"Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth†; embodying the notion that conflicting perspectives are held by different people towards both events and individuals. I believe that this common idea is held true in William Shakespeare’s production ‘Julius Caesar’, discussing the conflict between Brutus, Cassius and Antony, Richard Glover’s Sydney Morning Herald article ‘Take a Moment to Mourn the Mainstream’, debating against the depreciation of the respect over radio stations between generations, and Frank Capra’s classic film ‘Mr. Smith Goes to Washington’, which expresses the triumph of American ideals through the conflicting morals of Senator Jefferson Smith and Joseph Paine. In each we see how the respective composers have used main protagonists as well as various literary and cinematic devices to express the the me of conflicting perspectives and influence the audience’s reception. During the initial scenes of his play, Shakespeare clearly outlines the distinct conflict of perspectives held by his main protagonists; Antony and Cassius regarding Caesar. Shakespeare’s representation of Antony incorporates that of a humble, loyal and devoted disciple of Caesar; embodied in his vow â€Å"When Caesar says, ‘Do this’, it is performed.†Antony’s obedient tone, linked with the concise manner in which he replies to Caesar, captures the utter willingness to serve â€Å"Caesar, (his) lord.†In contrast, Shakespeare exhibits Cassius’ bitterness and envy of Caesar as he influences Brutus’ inner confusion to the viewpoint he considers correct. Cassius provides an analogy further encouraging the traitorous desires; â€Å"he doth bestride the narrow world like a colossus, and we petty men walk under his huge legs.†Here Cassius employs a sarcastic tone to aggressively attack Caesar’s authority as a leader, â €Å"such a feeble temper should so get the start of the majestic world.†Following the assassination of Caesar, differing perspectives arise when these two protagonists present speeches to the â€Å"plebeians†of Rome in Act 3 Scene 2. Brutus’ natural, humble tone both calms and directs the crowd to believe Caesar’s death was for The good of Rome; â€Å"Had you rather Caesar were living, and die all slaves, than Caesar were dead, to live all freemen?†With the use of a rhetorical question and repetition in his words, such as â€Å"valiant†, â€Å"honour†and â€Å"Caesar the ambitious†, Brutus is able to influence and manipulate the plebeians to what he considers the correct viewpoint; â€Å"let Brutus be Caesar!†In sheer contrast, Antony uses sarcastic, derogatory terms against Brutus to allow the crowd to truly question Brutus’ ‘honour’ and ‘nobility.’ â€Å"Caesar was my friend, faithful and just to me, but Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus was an honourable man.†Antony’s repetition of â€Å"Brutus was an honourable man†forms into sarcasm, thus influencing the crowd to disregard Brutus’ morality and entrust that Cassius deems the truthful perspective of Caesar. Relatedly, Richard Glover’s article written November 2nd, 2013 ‘Take a Moment to Mourn the Mainstream’ demonstrates the differing perspectives of audiences appreciating radio broadcasting over time. As stated by Glover, who himself is the protagonist as he is a radio presenter, listeners would tolerate willingly any radio station aired at the time; â€Å"Adults would endure a program designed for 12-year-olds.†Now, as a result of the growing social media; â€Å"There is a need to instantly inform the broadcaster of their song decision.†Glover’s repetition of â€Å"outrage†and â€Å"annoyance†, provides us with a strong observation of his view on the matter and what he sees to be the correct opinion, whilst coherently outlining the immense change in perspective of a common audience’s viewpoint on radio stations over the years resulting from social media, which is comparable to Antony’s speech. The protagonist Brutus and his association with honour stands a key notion in Shakespeare’s ‘Julius Caesar’. After the assassination of Caesar, conflicting perspectives arise when Brutus suspects that Cassius has been dishonourable by taking bribes, â€Å"Cassius, you yourself/ are much condemned to have an itching palm.†In response Cassius retorts â€Å"I an itching palm?†, with an exclamatory tone, provoking a fight. Through the use of emotive language and sickness imagery, such as â€Å"corruption†, â€Å"bleed†, and â€Å"contaminate†, Brutus spells out his contempt towards such poor principles and his powerful closing lines â€Å"I had rather be a dog and bay the moon/ than such a Roman†cement this stance on the matter, whilst stating that he considers that his view on honour is the truthful viewpoint. Comparably, the related text of Frank Capra’s 1939 film ‘Mr. Smith Goes to Washington’ effectively represents the conflicting values of corruption and honour. Capra’s protagonist; the amateur senator ‘Jefferson Smith’ rises to express his knowledge that the scheme of a Deficiency Bill for a dam is fraudulent and that various corrupt congressmen are attempting to use it for their own profit; â€Å"A man who controls a political machine, a Mr. James Taylor, was powerful enough to buy men and put them in this congress to legislate his graft!†Through the use of an honest, pleading tone and low angle shots, Capra successfully provides Smith with a dominant and commanding image, captivating and entertaining his audience whilst showing that his perspective was truly the correct one. Evidently, Senator Joseph Paine attempts to prevent Smith from exposing the truth and abolishing his reputation numerous times. Capra has manipulated the light to give his glasses a white gleam, providing the antagonist with a spiteful frontage. Paine finally embraces an accusative tone and boldly declares that Senator Smith has â€Å"told lie upon lie†¦ and now, he is trying to blackmail this Senate as he tried to blackmail me!†before he ultimately storms off in rage. In Shakespeare’s ‘Julius Caesar’, Frank Capra’s ‘Mr. Smith Goes to Washington’ and Richard Glover’s ‘Take a Moment to Mourn the Mainstream’, each composer has uniquely represented the theme of conflicting perspectives by drawing upon devices specific to their textual form. These texts also hold the topic statement true, as protagonists do believe their own viewpoint is correct.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Inbev and Anheuser
Inbev and Anheuser InBev was formed in 2004 from the merger of AmBev and Interbrew that made it one of the world leading brewers. The chief reasons for the merger were to offer Interbrew a competitive advantage in the fast growing brew market in Latin America.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Inbev and Anheuser-busch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, the merger was also aimed at providing AmBev with a better opportunity to expand its market to Europe and North America regions and particularly a market for its Brahma brand. The merger resulted to a newly formed InBev Company that have more than 200 brands that are grouped into three categorizes, namely; global brands that include Becks and Stella. The former brand is distributed in 100 countries, while the later brand is distributed to 80 countries. The other category is referred as the multicounty brands and includes brands such as Brarna which is sold to 30 countries, Le ffe that is distributed to 60 countries, Staropramen that is sold in 30 countries and lastly Hoegaarden that is also distributed to 30 countries. InBev is a well established company that is ranked as the second largest brew company globally after BASEMiller. On the other hand, Anhauser Busch traces originated 152 years back when Eberhard Anheuser bought St. Louis brewery that was underperforming. The company has continuously enhanced its performance and it is nowadays raked as the fourth brewer worldwide with about 92% of its sales within the united sates of America. The company enjoys approximately 50% of the US brew market. The company is well established in the United States of America brew market and highly admired by many because of its good corporate culture. The acquisitions of the Anhauser Busch Company by the InBev Company will be a perfect match that will be very beneficial to the two entities. The Anhauser Busch has many popular brands that are highly marketable within th e United States of America as they are regarded as brews of very high quality. The high quality of its products is among the reasons that have enabled the company to perform very well in the United States of America. The InBev proposition to buy the Anhauser Busch shares at a rate of $ 65 per share was not a fair deal. The InBev Company was not compensating the Anhauser Busch stakeholders adequately, but was using that opportunity to take the advantage of the weakening US dollar and poor performing US stock market.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management at Anhauser Busch took a very informed decision to engage a third party who advised them accordingly to reject the initial offer given to them by the InBev. At a rate of $ 65 per share, the company could not sell their shares to InBev Company since they could raise similar benefits as reflected by their strategic plan. The turning down of that offer resulted to InBev raising the share price they were offering from $ 65 to $ 70 which was a fair deal for Anhauser Busch shares. That was the reason that motivated the board of directors at Anhauser Busch to accept the offer since by selling their shares at $70 the management at Anhauser Busch perceived it as a profitable deal for their stakeholders as a means of maximizing their profits and particularly during this moment when the US dollar was weak and the US stock market underperforming. The acquisition of the Anhauser Busch Company by the InBev Company will be a very strategic move for both companies to enhance their performances and eventually maximize profits for their stakeholders. The existence of the InBev Company management will greatly assist to extend the global market of the Anhauser Busch Company products. The Anhauser Busch company global market performance is very poor since it only accounts for 8% of its overall sales. This low global performance is a clear indication that the company is facing a big challenge in penetrating global market which is very detrimental at this juncture where Anhauser Busch Company needs to enhance their global sales due to the weak US dollar. The InBev company well experienced workforce will step in and assist the company to argument its global sales in order to enhance profit realized. The acquiring of the Anhauser Busch Company by the InBev Company will ensure that the InBev Company becomes the leading brewer worldwide with an annual net sale of $ 36 billion. The management at InBev has assured the management at Anhauser Busch Company that they will retain almost every employee in their company once they acquire it. The management at Anhauser Busch Company will assist the InBev management on how to extend their market in the United States of America from the current 50% the Anhauser Busch Company is commanding. Similarly, the management at Anhauser Busch Company will bring into InBev their strategic corporate culture that will help InBev Company increase its market within United States of America and across other continents.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Inbev and Anheuser-busch specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another opportune alternative that can greatly favor Anhauser Busch Company is if the management insists on a merger of the two companies rather than an acquisition. The merger will help the Anhauser Busch Company extend its global market, but it may not be very profitable for the InBev Company as an acquisition and most probably they will not settle for it.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Affect vs. Effect
Affect vs. Effect Affect vs. Effect Affect vs. Effect By Mark Nichol Among the pairs of words writers often confuse, affect and effect might be the most perplexing, perhaps because their meanings are so similar. Affect, derived from affectus, from the Latin word afficere, â€Å"to do something to, act on,†is easily conflated with effect, borrowed from Anglo-French, ultimately stemming from the Latin word effectus, from efficere, â€Å"to bring about.†Whats the difference between affect and effect? Affect is usually a verb, meaning to influence or act upon. Example: The loss of his father affected him profoundly. Effect is usually a noun, meaning the result of an action. Example: What will be the effect of closing Main Street? Below you will find less common meanings and related or derivative words. Affect The various senses of affect, each followed by a sentence demonstrating them, follow: A noun meaning â€Å"mental state†: â€Å"In his report, the psychiatrist, noting his lack of expression or other signs of emotion, described his affect as flat.†A verb meaning â€Å"to produce an effect, to influence†: â€Å"I knew that my opinion would affect her choice, so I deliberately withheld it.†A verb meaning â€Å"to pretend†or â€Å"to put on†: â€Å"She tried to affect an air of nonchalance, though she was visibly agitated.†Words with affect as the root, followed by their use in a sentence, include the following: Affectation: A noun meaning â€Å"self-conscious behavior†: â€Å"The girl’s affectation of sophisticated maturity was undercut by the relentless snapping of her chewing gum.†Affection: A noun meaning â€Å"kind or loving emotion†: â€Å"Her grandfather’s deep affection for her was obvious in his heartwarming smile.†Disaffected: An adjective meaning â€Å"discontented, rebellious†: â€Å"Disaffected youth dismayed by the poor job market and the larger issue of a society that does not seem to value them have been joining the protest movement in ever greater numbers.†(This word is a case of an antonym that has outlived the original term from which it was derived in counterpoint; writers and speakers no longer express, in the sense of â€Å"favorably disposed,†that a person is affected.) Unaffected: An adjective with two distinct senses: the literal meaning of â€Å"not influenced or altered†(â€Å"They seemed disturbingly unaffected by the tragic news†) and the surprisingly older, figurative meaning â€Å"genuine†(â€Å"The youth’s candid, unaffected demeanor appealed to her after the stilted arrogance of her many suitors†). Effect The various senses of effect, each followed by a sentence demonstrating them, follow: A noun meaning â€Å"the result of a cause†: â€Å"The effect of the lopsided vote was a loss of confidence in the chairman.†A noun meaning â€Å"an impression†: â€Å"The soft, gentle tone has a calming effect.†A noun, usually in plural form, meaning â€Å"personal property, possession†: â€Å"Among the effects found in the deceased man’s pockets was a small book with his name self-inscribed.†A verb meaning â€Å"to accomplish†: â€Å"His newfound sense of responsibility effected a positive change in her attitude toward him.†Words with effect as the root, followed by their use in a sentence, include the following: Aftereffect: A noun, usually in plural form, meaning â€Å"something that follows a cause†: â€Å"The aftereffects of the decision are still being felt years later.†Effective: An adjective meaning â€Å"successful†: â€Å"The insect repellent was effective at keeping the mosquitoes at bay, which made for a pleasant outing.†Effectual: An adjective meaning â€Å"able to produce a desired effect†: â€Å"Our conclusion is that mediation is an effectual strategy for obtaining a mutually satisfying outcome.†The noun efficiency and the adjective efficient, though not based on the root effect, share its etymological origin and mean, respectively, â€Å"productivity†and â€Å"productive†in the sense of accomplishing something with a minimum of effort in relation to outcome. Efficacy (â€Å"the power to produce a desired effect†) and efficacious (â€Å"able to produce a desired effect†) are also related. Another, unexpected word of related origin is feckless (â€Å"weak, worthless†), which is rare and has lost its antonym, feckful, through long disuse. Feck is a shortened form of effect developed in Scottish English. Quotations from newspapers Tariff winners and losers: How Trumps trade spat could affect shoppers. President Trumps imposition of tariffs on imported (www.usatoday.com) 405,000 years, gravitational tugs from the planets Jupiter and Venus gradually affect Earths climate and life forms, according to a new study. (www.usatoday.com) he says. â€Å"You can eat as much as you like, you can slob about, you can drink as much alcohol as you like – the effect is very modest compared with these other two factors.†Human beings are biologically engineered for (www.theguardian.com) European Union tariffs take effect in Trump fight: How they will hit American productsThe Europe (www.usatoday.com) Video Recap A Quick and Easy Way to Know Whether to Use Affect or Effect Remember, a general rule of thumb is that â€Å"affect†is usually a verb (a â€Å"doing word†) and â€Å"effect†is usually a noun (something you can put â€Å"the†in front of). This doesn’t apply all the time, of course – as we’ve seen above, there are lots of ways in which the words â€Å"effect†and â€Å"affect†can be used. It’s a good place to begin, though, if you’re unsure which you want. Here’s a sample sentence: I don’t think this will [affect/effect] the budget. Which word, affect or effect, is correct? An easy way to figure this out is to replace â€Å"affect†with the verb â€Å"alter†and see if the sentence works: I don’t think this will alter the budget. Yes – it still makes sense, so â€Å"affect†is the word you want. Here’s another sentence: We haven’t yet experienced the full [affect/effect] of climate change. Can we use â€Å"affect†here? Try replacing it with â€Å"alter†: We haven’t yet experienced the full alter of climate change. No, that doesn’t make sense at all. How about â€Å"effect†? Try replacing that with the noun â€Å"end result†: We haven’t yet experienced the full end result of climate changes. It’s a slightly inelegant sentence – but it does work grammatically. So â€Å"effect†is the word you want here. This rule won’t work for every single situation, but in most cases, it’ll help you quickly select the word that you want. What About Affect as a Noun and Effect as a Verb? It’s fairly rare to come across â€Å"affect†used as a noun: as we saw above, when it is used in this way, it means â€Å"mental state†. You might encounter it in some older works or fairly scientific ones about psychiatry. It’s a little more common to come across â€Å"effect†used as a verb, though this is still fairly rare and it can seem a little old-fashioned in this context. It’s used to mean â€Å"brought about†or â€Å"accomplished†– e.g. â€Å"The rapid changes she made after she got the job effected a complete turnaround in the company’s financial position.†In any case where you’re uncertain, though, it’s likely that affect is a verb (replace it with â€Å"alter†to check) and effect is a noun (replace it with â€Å"end result†to check). Affect vs Effect Quiz For each sentence, select which word should be used: 1. The budget cuts will inevitably [affect/effect] our department. affect effect 2. The [affect/effect] of getting up early is that you can make a great start on the day before most people are out of bed. effect affect 3. Smoking will seriously [affect/effect] your health. affect effect 4. Many people find that regular exercise has a positive [affect/effect] on their mental health. effect affect Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About Hands"Owing to" vs "Due to"50 Tips on How to Write Good
Sunday, October 20, 2019
How To Make Red Cabbage pH Paper Test Strips
How To Make Red Cabbage pH Paper Test Strips Its easy, safe, and fun to make your own pH paper test strips. This is a project that kids can do and that can be done from home, though calibrated test strips would work in a lab, too. Difficulty: Easy Time Required: 15 minutes plus drying time Heres How Cut a red cabbage (or purple) into pieces such that it will fit into a blender. Chop the cabbage, adding the minimum amount of water needed to blend it (because you want the juice as concentrated as possible). If you dont have a blender, then use a vegetable grater or chop your cabbage using a knife.Microwave the cabbage until its at the boiling point. Youll see the liquid boil or else steam rising from the cabbage. If you dont have a microwave, soak the cabbage in a small volume of boiling water or else heat the cabbage using another method.Allow the cabbage to cool (about 10 minutes).Filter the liquid from the cabbage through a filter paper or coffee filter. It should be deeply colored.Soak a filter paper or coffee filter in this liquid. Allow it to dry. Cut the dry colored paper into test strips.Use a dropper or toothpick to apply a little liquid to a test strip. The color range for acids and bases will depend on the particular plant. If you like, you can construct a chart of pH a nd colors using liquids with a known pH so that you can then test unknowns. Examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), vinegar, and lemon juice. Examples of bases include sodium or potassium hydroxide (NaOH or KOH) and baking soda solution. Another way to use your pH paper is as a color-change paper. You can draw on pH paper using a toothpick or cotton swab that has been dipped in an acid or base. Tips If you dont want colored fingers, soak only half of the filter paper with the cabbage juice, leaving the other side uncolored. Youll get less usable paper, but you will have a place to grab it.Many plants produce pigments that can be used as pH indicators. Try this project with some of the other common home and garden indicators. What You Need Red CabbageFilter Paper or Coffee FiltersBlender - optionalMicrowave - optionalDropper or Toothpicks - optional
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Globaltech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Globaltech - Essay Example Gained knowledge in the change simulation in relation to leading or managing organizational change My greatest learning in the simulation is the concept of diversity and its management towards a successful change implementation. The simulation model developed my insight on the fact that organizational set ups have diversified people, in personality and orientation, a factor that is critical to a change process and can undermine successful implementation of a proposed change. The concept of diversity emanates from the model’s different factors such as working with groups, interacting with people in a discursive forum, appointment of a core team to the desired change, stakeholder mapping and rewarding of the organization’s members for achievements in a change process. These factors’, however, require a psychological consideration that in turn recognizes the concept of diversity and its management for a successful change process. Diversity in an organization is majo rly attributed to cultural orientations that form the core basis of differences between people. Such differences then manifest in a group’s strengths, weaknesses, and conflicts (Aswathappa 231-233). The simulation helped me to understand possible barrier to communication in a change process because diversified personnel in a change process are likely to have different approaches to communication. A good example is cross-cultural communication difference between people from western culture and people from other cultures. While people with western cultural orientation prefer a direct approach to communication that is shallow and precise, other cultures apply indirect communication that is explorative and ensures detailed explanation of points in communication. This difference is significant to change management because of possible conflict among members of different cultures. Members of the western culture may perceive time wastage in other cultures’ explorative approach to communication while people from the other cultures may fail to understand concepts from the western culture’s precise approach to communication. Another essential to the concept of diversity in communication is people’s accent that is greatly affected by culture and people’s environments. Differences in accent have direct impacts on meaning of words and phrases across cultures and may lead to misunderstanding of motives, objectives, and visions in a change process. Two reasons accounts for this. A recipient in a communication process may confuse words and end up with a different meaning or the recipient may completely fail to understand conveyed meaning for necessary action or reaction. Elements of the change simulation therefore helped me to understand the role of communication in a change process and possible consequences of communication barriers (Brett, Behfar and Kern 85- 88). My developed knowledge in diversity and its management also include conflict and conflict management among people who are involved in change processes. Conflicts emerge at different level, from different perspective and are a common element of a diversified population such as members of an organization that
Friday, October 18, 2019
The American model of representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
The American model of representation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that many nations have focused on implementing democracy. From the definition of democracy, it emerges that decision-making should rely on the will of the people and promote the public interests. However, it is unrealistic for each individual to contribute to active decision making. This is the reason why representative democracy has been adopted. In the United States, representative democracy is implemented by ensuring that the people choose representatives who sit in the two houses of the Congress. The founders of the American constitution acted proactively in support of democracy. The founders ensured that two houses of the Congress existed that would complement each other in the lawmaking process. The founders of the constitution developed a rational understanding of the purpose of both houses, which is still implemented in the modern day. It is commonly referred to as the bicameral legislature. Despite its functionality over the years, it is evident that this model of representation presents certain challenges. A democratic representative serving in either the lower or the upper house has critical responsibilities of representing the people who have elected him into office. The lower house is comprised of representatives chosen from states and districts. Each state or district chooses the number of representatives in accordance with the population of each state or district.
Accounting Ethics and Impact on Business Performance Term Paper
Accounting Ethics and Impact on Business Performance - Term Paper Example This paper seeks to explain the relevance and need to embrace these ethical practices and their impact on the general business performance. Accounting ethics are moral values that govern the profession of accounting. They can also be described as judgments that apply in course of undertaking accounting tasks (Saleemi, 2002). These ethics have become accepted globally by government agencies and companies and help instill some degree of discipline both at organization level as well as employee level. Embracing these ethics cannot be ignored at this time of global economic crisis caused by malicious employees who collude with others and form cartels that have ripped off organizations and government resources leading to complete collapse or closure of once profit-making companies and organizations. Driven by the need to earn profits, an organization should also strive to ensure that shareholders’ interests are met. These interests vary among individual shareholders and as such acc ounting ethics in an organization are paramount in meeting these. It is with regard of its importance in controlling and monitoring the accounting profession that this paper concurs with adherence to accounting ethics. Accounting Ethics Lead to Better Management and Profitability There are shareholders whose interest is in the capital gains from the company. Pandey (2003) states that if the motive behind investing in a company is driven on capital gains, then the shareholders are likely to have a keen interest in the dividend policy of the organization. Accounting ethics in this case would strive to ensure proper reporting of the accounting statement. Alternately, there are another group of stakeholders or investors who are mostly concerned with a company’s management style and hence would demand that accountants have the necessary skills to help them undertake their task in the most professional way. All government bodies and companies have set ethical measures for the pract ice of this profession. These include competence, confidentiality, integrity, objectivity, timeliness, full disclosure, materiality and many others which are to look in the discussion. At the height of growing concerns of whether or not ethics play a role in companies’ management, the duty to ensure that all works well rests with the management. Everything progresses or fails due to the management and as such it is paramount to ensure that all ethical practices begin with them (Carbone, 2012). Business is not all about making profits but also how the company is perceived in the general business environment (Belkaoui, 1992). Most of the organizations are driven by the desire to retain their clients. This begins right from the way such clients are handled and their needs met. There are cases of companies that have embarked on this journey of adherence to accounting ethics and as such have reaped a lot of benefits over the years. Some of these are Safaricom Ltd, Sammer Group of Companies, Equity Bank, Kenolkobil, British American Tobacco, Oldmutual Investment Services, Kestrel Investment Services, and British American Insurance (Garrison, 2009). Safaricom has been applauded for observing high standards of integrity in customer relations. This extends from the way they respond to client complaints to the preparation of their accounting statements (Ferugson, 2007). The company has been the most profitable company in Eastern Africa for the past seven years maintaining the lead even in economic recessions as experienced since 2011(Kieso, 2009). Their
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Pakistan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Pakistan - Research Paper Example Historically, Pakistan came under the rule of different rulers like the Mauryan Empire, which ruled for two hundred years before Christ (B.C). After this, Pakistan was conquered by the Kushan Empire. The area that is now Pakistan and India was always merged into one polity under all this different rulers who saw it as the best way to govern the Indian subcontinent (Kaplan 2). The area was characterized by two rivers; the Ganges River and the Indus River and their tributaries. The Indus River and its tributaries fall on the Pakistan side and the Indus with its tributaries fall on the Indian side, with the watershed running almost perfectly matching the border demarcation that separates the two countries. Earlier rulers, like the Kushans, never tried to demarcate the region into two separate entities unlike the British, Mughals and the Mauryans, who saw the need to group them under such entities (Kaplan 3). The source of Pakistan’s troubles could be attributed to the Muslim expe rience that Pakistan got under different Islamic warriors. Every successive conquest saw the area named as Pakistan today; being at the center of these conquered territories (Kaplan 1). One of the major capitals of the Mauryan Empire was Peshawar, which is a major city in today’s Pakistan. This further indicates that this region and Pakistan, as a whole, have had a long running history with Muslim influence (Kaplan 2). This does not imply that religion is the problem, in Pakistan, but an avenue used, by wrong elements, to act as a vessel for their objectives. Hurdles facing Pakistan can be linked to its history of being a frontier territory because it acted as a transition point for many cultures, religions and governments even in the medieval ages. There was the influence of religion and cultural diversity, from the Arab world and central Asia, on one side, and change of governments from the eastern frontier. It was made up of different socio-cultural elements, and with the dawn of the 20Th century, Pakistan did not inherit any form stable institutions that citizens believed in as was the case with neighboring India after Colonial rule (Kaplan 2). When Pakistan came into being, the majority of the country’s wealth existed in the Indus valley, which encompasses the Punjab state. It has the best irrigation fields and the river basin provided numerous resources business opportunities. The area was also on the trade routes used to trade with other neighboring regions like Afghanistan, China and Russia (New York Times 34). It has the best schools and the majority of females are educated unlike other parts of Pakistan like the Sindhi, Baluchistan and Pashtun states. This caused discontent to develop between the privileged state of Punjab and the rest of the country (Kaplan 3). This led to the development of strong ethnic authorities at the expense of government institutions that were lacking or were inefficient. Their different linguistic varieties st rengthened the animosity between different warring factions. This has left the country with Islamic idealism as the only attempt at unification which has fuelled Islamic extremism (Kaplan 4). The inhabitants of the Indus River valley complain that they are discriminated against as the only working portion of the population (Kaplan 4). Failed or failing state institutions are the
Four Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Four Questions - Assignment Example In much of the considerations and analysis of the international system, experts would always make reference to World War I, World War II and the cold war. Occurrences that resulted in these three wars can be used to explain the basis of international world order and the establishment of the international system. O’rourke & Williamson, (2004) gives a broader look at the History of Diplomacy inn their work When did globalization begin? In submissions made in this piece, the authors assert that three great wars a reflection of how the international system considered a state-centric. The treaties signed and alliances formed during the three great wars were attempts by nations of the world in taking control of world affairs. In the history of diplomacy and international relations, states have remained to be a key force in determination of world politics. Just before the First World War, the concept of realism was borne, bringing to the fore an objective and critical analysis on the need for world order. In this respect, the international system was analyzed on the basis of both collective interests and the interests of certain states. Realists are of the opinion that state actors in the international world system can be identified on the basis of sovereignty, recognition of statehood, and the control of territory and population. From this perspective, countries cannot be ignored when defining the international system. From a realist perspective, the international system is a product of various historical occurrences, most on which took place in the twentieth century. The First World War was a major factor that brought out the need for a global or international-based system. As many countries in the European continue began fighting for colonies during the imperial era in Europe, conflic5ts between and amongst these countries emerged. Most of the countries started looking beyond national influence to influence within a wider geographical area. The consequence o f such rivalry was the development of the First World War. The development of two groups, the Central Powers and the Allies, during the war was pegged on superiority fight between nations that believed they could command or have great influence in world affairs. The end of the First World War was major milestone in the development of the international system as the allies went forth to instill heavy punishment to the Central Powers, led by Germany. The effects of the war were so serious that the League of Nations was formed so as to help avert such magnitude of conflict and war. The Second World War had also its share on development of the state centric International system. After the League of Nations failed, World War I was inevitable. The United States, Britain and France as the winners of World War II played a bigger role than other nations in the preparation of background for the formation of the modern day United Nations. By the United Nations and Russia awarding their selves with veto power in the world body, they had an edge over other countries. The state-centric nature of the world’s system would not be stopped here as even after the formation of the United Nations, the United States and the Soviet Union would still engage in supremacy tactics that is famously regarded as the cold war. Today, the United States remains to be the single most super power after the collapse of the USSR Richardson (2006) asserts that the United States
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Undue Influnce in law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Undue Influnce in law of Contract - Essay Example e banks agents for the purpose of advising Mrs Etridge and the bank was entitled to rely on the solicitors assurances, even though those were false†(United Settlement n.d.). Under English law, undue influence is a reason for rescinding a contract if it can be proved by the victim. There are many relationships where one party can hold influence over another due to its inherent nature. An employer can have influence over an employee or a husband can have influence over his wife. But it need be undue influence or through duress for a contract to be set aside. According to Lord Nicholls, one of the judges in this case, â€Å"The law has set limits to the means properly employable for this purpose. To this end the common law developed a principle of duress†(United Kingdom House of Lords 2001). Under English law there is no precise definition as to what constitutes undue influence and will depend upon the circumstances of each case. But what should be proved is that a relati onship with influence has been to abused or exploited to claim undue influence (e-lawresources.co.uk n.d.).In this particular case, since there was no evidence of undue influence by Mrs Etrdige’s husband, the fact that she had sought independent advice is not relevant. So it can be said that unless undue influence existed and the same is proved by the wronged party, there is no recourse and a contract is valid. In any relationship, either of the parties can be in a position to receive information that should not be made public. It can be between a lawyer and client, between a doctor and patient, or a banker and customer (O’Neill 2007). So if a relationship has this feature, then it is a confidential relationship. Here again there is no formal definition, and the fact whether a relationship is confidential will depend on the facts of each case. In that sense, the relation between husband and wife can be deemed to be confidential in nature since they may share information which should not be
Four Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Four Questions - Assignment Example In much of the considerations and analysis of the international system, experts would always make reference to World War I, World War II and the cold war. Occurrences that resulted in these three wars can be used to explain the basis of international world order and the establishment of the international system. O’rourke & Williamson, (2004) gives a broader look at the History of Diplomacy inn their work When did globalization begin? In submissions made in this piece, the authors assert that three great wars a reflection of how the international system considered a state-centric. The treaties signed and alliances formed during the three great wars were attempts by nations of the world in taking control of world affairs. In the history of diplomacy and international relations, states have remained to be a key force in determination of world politics. Just before the First World War, the concept of realism was borne, bringing to the fore an objective and critical analysis on the need for world order. In this respect, the international system was analyzed on the basis of both collective interests and the interests of certain states. Realists are of the opinion that state actors in the international world system can be identified on the basis of sovereignty, recognition of statehood, and the control of territory and population. From this perspective, countries cannot be ignored when defining the international system. From a realist perspective, the international system is a product of various historical occurrences, most on which took place in the twentieth century. The First World War was a major factor that brought out the need for a global or international-based system. As many countries in the European continue began fighting for colonies during the imperial era in Europe, conflic5ts between and amongst these countries emerged. Most of the countries started looking beyond national influence to influence within a wider geographical area. The consequence o f such rivalry was the development of the First World War. The development of two groups, the Central Powers and the Allies, during the war was pegged on superiority fight between nations that believed they could command or have great influence in world affairs. The end of the First World War was major milestone in the development of the international system as the allies went forth to instill heavy punishment to the Central Powers, led by Germany. The effects of the war were so serious that the League of Nations was formed so as to help avert such magnitude of conflict and war. The Second World War had also its share on development of the state centric International system. After the League of Nations failed, World War I was inevitable. The United States, Britain and France as the winners of World War II played a bigger role than other nations in the preparation of background for the formation of the modern day United Nations. By the United Nations and Russia awarding their selves with veto power in the world body, they had an edge over other countries. The state-centric nature of the world’s system would not be stopped here as even after the formation of the United Nations, the United States and the Soviet Union would still engage in supremacy tactics that is famously regarded as the cold war. Today, the United States remains to be the single most super power after the collapse of the USSR Richardson (2006) asserts that the United States
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Cyberstalking Case Study Paper Essay Example for Free
Cyberstalking Case Study Paper Essay In, People of the State of California (Plaintiff) v. George Samuel Bronk (Defendant), the defendant used various software, tools, and methods to commit the felonies for which he was charged. He initially used a computer with access to the Internet to take over the email accounts of individuals who he located using the popular social media website, Facebook. Mr. Bronk located his victims by searching random Facebook profiles that had personal email addresses available to the public. Once he had the email addresses he tried to access emails accounts, by attempting to reset the passwords for said email accounts, by guessing at the security questions. Once he was able to gain access to the emails accounts, he went back to the Facebook profiles and took over the Facebook profiles as well. Mr. Bronk utilized various online email service providers such as Gmail, Hotmail, and Yahoo. The victims each had respective accounts with these email service providers which were overtaken by Mr. Bronk, using the methods described above. Mr. Bronk also used Microsoft Office Outlook in the commission of his crimes. Besides the cyberstalking, investigators also found evidence of extortion and pornography on Mr. Bronks computer hard disk storage drives. Along with these counts, Mr. Bronk is also charged with the possession of child pornography. The defendant used a computer and access to the Internet to gain unauthorized access to an online chatting forum in which blackmailed a victim into sending him nude photographs and videos of herself. Mr. Bronk also had on his computer storage devices child pornographic materials such as photographs and videos. The defendant gained access to this material with the use of his computer and a connection to the Internet. Investigators were notified when a victim reported that her email and Facebook accounts had been hijacked and inappropriate messages sent to her entire contact list, in Connecticut. When an Ex-parte motion was filed for the IP address of the computer device that was used to target the victim in Connecticut, it was found that the IP address subscriber information came back to a California address. This is when a large scale investigation was started and multiple victims were discovered. Upon further investigation the details of how the defendant carried out the crimes and other crimes unrelated to cyberstalking, such as extortion and possession of child pornography were committed by the defendant.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Monoclonal Antibody Production using Animal Cell Culture
Monoclonal Antibody Production using Animal Cell Culture Introduction Monoclonal antibodies, in biomedical research, are used as reagents in diagnosis and treatment of diseases like cancer and infections [1]. It has been almost century their introduction, mAbs are still produced from splenocytes fused to myeloma cells [2]. The antibodies are produced by obtaining cell lines from animals immunized with substance to be studied. To produce the cell lines, B cells obtained from immunized mice are fused with myeloma (immortalized) cells [1][3]. For production of desired monoclonal antibodies, the cells should grow in one of the two ways: injecting the peritoneal cavity of mouse (known as in vivo method or mice ascites method) or by in vitro method (Tissue culture method). Further mouse ascites fluid or supernatant of tissue culture is processed and monoclonal antibody of desired concentration and purity is obtained (figure1) [1]. Mice ascites method is preferred as it is familiar, properly understood and extensively used in laboratories in comparison to tis sue culture method which is time consuming, expensive and laborious and ails to give required amount of antibodies[1][3]. Presently, twenty two monoclonal antibodies for transplantation, oncology, infectious, cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory disease have been approved by FDA [3]. Strict guidelines has been setup by IACUC for use of animal for mAb production which includes (i) use of animal is scientifically justified (ii) methods to be used which gives minimum pain to the animal[1]. Monoclonal antibody production (Past to Present) Mouse mAbs This technology was introduced in 1975, which works on generation of mouse hybridomas by fusion of B cells, obtained from immunized mice, and myeloma cells. But mAbs produced by this method have many limitations and is not preferred due to high immunogenicity in humans and due to production of human anti-mouse antibody which leads to their rapid clearance from patient’s body [3]. Chimeric mAbs These are produced by gene manipulation method in which constant regions of mouse Abs are replaced by human Abs. Like mouse mAbs, chimeric mAbs also leads to formation of human anti-mouse antibodies and leads to various immunogenicity in patients thus to make it potent in therapeutics further better understanding is required in their structure and function [3]. Humanized mAbs In this method, complementary determining regions (CDRs) are transferred to human IgG from mouse mAb. There is only 5-10% non-human content in humanized mAbs in comparison to 30% in chimeric mAbs [3]. Generation of mAbs Immunization of mice Screening of sera Spleen cell isolation Myeloma cells prep. Cell fusion (Tissue culture) Hybridoma screening Selecting cultures for cloning Mouse Feeder cells Cloning (limiting dilution) Clone isolation and expansion Cell freezing and recovery Supernatant production (from tissue culture media) mAbs purification and testing Figure1. Flowchart showing steps for production of monoclonal antibodies by tissue culture method [1]. Monoclonal Antibody Production Against various Diseases 5C3 mAb against Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis In this method, S100A4 was used for immunizing female Balb/cAnNHscl mice and mAbs were obtained from fused myeloma and spleen cells using PEG-1500. Hybridomas were selected on HAT medium and further screened for it reaction with S100A4 by ELISA. Clones were selected which were corresponding to 5C3 mAb. Cell culture was scaled up in humid conditions (air 94% and 6% CO2) at 37 °C temperature [4]. Supernatant (serum free) from hybidomas was obtained and purified on column containing protein A with the help of AKTA purifier FPLC system and elutions containing 5C3 mAbs were concentrated and filtered in PBS centrifuge Amicon Ultra-15 which has low binding Ultracel membrane and then quantifying mAbs at 280nm [5][6]. 2-4F mAb against Oxytetracycline in shrimps Oxytetracycline is used as medication feed in aquaculture [7], its overuse can lead to its accumulation in aquaculture food and its consumption then leads to serious health problems in sea food lovers. To prevent consumers from its harmful effects mAb 2-4F, highly sensitive and specific, were produced for detection of OTC in aquaculture food animals by ELISA. Hybridomas were obtained by standard protocol, by immunizing the female BABL/c mice with OTC-BSA, hybridomas were cultured and supernatants from culture were screened for antibodies using iELISA and antibodies were cloned by limiting dilution method to obtain monoclones then in serum free media these moloclones were cultured in 500 ml spinner flask [6][7]. Further mAbs were purified from this culture using protein G by affinity chromatography. The elute fractions were collected and its protein concentration was determined at 280nm spectometrically and mAb was filtered using cellulose acetate membrane (0.2  µm) and kept at -20à ‚ °C until used [8]. Human anti-human IL-21 monoclonal antibody. Interleukin-21 is a type I cytokine with four helical bundles that exerts effect on hematopoietic cells like NK cells, T and B lymphocytes. CD4+ T and NK T cells produce interleukin-2 cytokine, over expression of IL-2 lead to variety of autoimmune disorders. Genetically modified Kirin-Medarex mice were immunized with rhIL-21, immunogens were emulsified with P-adjuvant and CpG and recombinant mouse GM-CSF. Hybridomas obtained were cultured in IMDM containing 1x GlutMax, 1x Penicillin, 10% fetal clone serum and 10% Hybridoma Cloning Factor. Hybridomas were selected with IMDM in conjugation with HAT medium and cloning was carried out with 1x HT and distributed in 96 well Elisa plate and wells were examined microscopically for monoclonality and screened with phosphorylated-STAT3. Wells with positive results were distributed in 24 well cultures to obtained density 6105 cells/ml and then supernatant was collected and cells cryopreserved. Further media with human IgG was obtained and filter ed through 0.2 µm membrane and from this filtered media antibody protein was purified by combing Protein G Sepharose Affinity Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography and absorbance was taken at 280nm and further its quality was accessed by size exclusion HPLC [9]. mAbs L317, L363, L386 ÃŽ ±-galactosylceramide:CD1d complex The ÃŽ ±-galactosylceramide also known as KRN7000 is best studied ligand that binds to protein CD1d. KRN7000:mCD1d complex is easily recognized by iNKT cells and leads to number of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. To understand the mechanism of antigen presentation to CD1d by iNKT cell three monoclonal antibodies L317, L3363, and L386 were produced. Primary immunogen was prepared with protein obtained from strain H37Ra of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD) and it was conjugated with the complex KRN7000:CD1d. The complex KRN7000:mCD1d:PPD was studied by SDS-PAGE. Mice were first vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) then after 23 days mice were immunized with 5 µg KRN7000:CD1d:PPD complex in 1:1 PBS and Imject alum. At day 61 booster dose was given to mice, of the complex, with 7106 cells. Mice were then sacrificed and spleens dispersed PBS, cells were obtained and further washed with PBS and erythrocytes were lysed and cells were suspended in FBS/HEPES free DMEM [10][11]. The preparation was then mixed with myeloma cells and centrifuged and tubes with pellet were placed in water bath set at 40 °C and into this heated PEG was added followed by FBS/HEPES- free DMEM and then cells again centrifuged and re-suspended in DMEM. Hybridomas along with MRC-5 fibroblast feeder blast cells were plated in 96 well tissue culture plates. Supernatant from culture was screened and cloning of hybridomas carried out by limit dilution. Then 108 cells were inoculated in 2 liters roller bottles containing 500ml medium and OptiMAb supplement was added. MAbs were obtained by filtering of supernatant through protein G column chromatography [12]. Stx2f-1, Stx2f-3, Stx2f-4 mAb against Shiga toxin, a gastrointestinal disease Shiga Toxin 2 also designated as Stx2 is virulence causes gastrointestinal disease in humans’ world by food poisoning. It subtype Stx2f cannot be easily detected by immunological methods and thus three monoclonal antibodies specific to it were produced. Complete hybridoma media contains Iscove’s modified DMM with NaHCO3 and 1 Glutamax, containing fetal calf serum (heat inactivated) [13]. Female Balb/cJ mice were immunized with His-tagged Stx2f and hybridomas were obtained and screened for antibodies against Stx2f by ELISA and were further transferred to MPCM/HT/cHM media and diluted 500cells/ml and then the cells were grown in cHM media. Media containing antibody (400ml) was filtered through protein G column and elution were obtained in 0.1M glycine giving 5mg of purified antibody Stx2f [14][15]. Monoclonal antibody from EB66 Cell lines with enhanced ADCC activity EB66 cell lines are derived from embryonic stem cells of duck which can be genetically engineered and production of mAbs can be increased above 1g/L when grown in serum free media. EB66 have various other characteristic features like short doubling time, high cell density and unique metabolic profile with low accumulation of ammonium and lactate and low consumption of glutamine [16]. Further, EB66 cell lines used for production of mAbs has reduced fucose content with enhanced ADCC activity. EB66 cell lines produce chimeric IgG1 anti-cancer mAb against antigen anti-X by nucleofection. EB66 clones when grown in Erlenmeyer flask with standard fed batch culture produces 1.28g/L of IgG1 of cell density with 36 millions cells/ml. Further by accumulation of monoclonal antibodies in supernatant culture no degradation was observed in antibody production assessed by HPLC, SDS-PAGE and western blot. When the supernatant was purified with Protein-A HPLC showed 98% mAbs as monomers. Glycosylation profile of monoclonal antibodies was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS, enhanced activation of the monoclonal antibodies obtained from EB66 cell lines was analyzed by flow cytometry[16][17]. FDA Approved mAbs in market [18][19] Infliximab Remicade ® TNF Rituximab Rituxan ®, MabThera ® CD20 Trastazumab Herceptin ® HER2 Bevacizumab Avastin ® VEGF Adalimumab Humira ® TNF Cetuximab Erbitux ® EGFR Ranibizumab Lucentis ® VEGF Palivizumab Synagis ® RSV Tositumomab Bexxar ® CD20 Alemtuzumab Campath ® CD52 Certolizumab pegol Cimiza ® TNF Gemtuzumab ozogamicin Mylotarg ® CD33 Muromonab-CD3 Orthoclone Okt3 ® CD3 Efalizumab Raptciva ® CD11a Abciximab ReoPro ® GP IIb/IIIa Basiliximab Simulect ® CD25 Eculizumab Soliris ® C5 Natalizumab Tysabri ® a-4 integrin Panitumumab Vectibix ® EGFR Omalizumab Xolair ® IgE Daclizumab Zenapax ® CD25 Ibritumomab tiuxetan Zevalin ® CD20 Recent advances in mAbs production Engineered Monoclonal antibodies Advancement in mAb engenrreing has lead to transformation in this field which has lead to production of new drugs which as many useful characteristics like decreased immunogenicity, improved specifity along with stability and potency [18]. The replacements of murine as well as chimeric mAbs with full human mAbs are boon of this novel technology for example adalimumab, ranibizumab and cetrolizumab pegol. Adalimumab, the human mAb, is created by using phage display technology and now it is the top selling drug in the market. Cetrolizumab pegol has been engineered to increase its half-life by making changes in its Fab fragments [19]. Ranibizumab which is derived from bevacizumab wet AMD (age-related macular degeneration) and is considered as care indication standard. These new engineered mAbs have potential to compete with the drugs already in market and have bright future ahead [19][20]. Biosimalar Monoclonal antibodies Biosimilars are the copies of drugs whose patient has expired and now these drugs can be produ- -ced and manufactured by any company. But due to complex molecule used and then its approval from U.S makes it a complex process therefore most of the biotechnology companies are not in favor of production of biosimilars. Dr. Reddy in India has launched Reditux ® which is anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and it is claimed, as the first biosimilar monoclonal antibody, by the company. In spite of approval of Reditux ® in India, it is thought that it would not have sufficient data that can fulfill the set standards of developed countries in terms of strict safety, efficacy and manufacturing standards[18][19][20]. Conclusion Monoclonal antibodies are expanding rapidly in pharmaceutical industries with already hundreds of candidates are under development and trials. Both cytotoxic and radiology methods are emerging to increase efficacy of the present therapeutic molecules. Moreover, advances have also been made to use mAbs in treatment of bacterial and viral infection. Biosimilars and bio-superiors are the next generation drugs which can be produced as most of the blockbuster monoclonal antibody are at verge to their patent expiry. The future of the monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics is bright and continued discovery, research and development in this field can take it to the heights that have not been achieved before. Abstract Monoclonal antibodies today have gained a breakthrough and are used in treatment of numbers of disease. Over 30% of the Engineered Monoclonal antibodies are under clinical trials. Moreover, different methods to generate human monoclonal antibodies are present today like generation of humanized and chimeric antibodies from genetic engineering of mouse antibodies, phage display method and transgenic mice development. Monoclonal antibodies are in great demand today and FDA has approved almost 22 mAbs till date and all these are commercially available in market. Biosilimars are also taking up the pace as most of the blockbuster mAbs are at verge of their patient expiry and Reditux ® developed by Dr. Reddy claimed as first biosimilar in India and is half the cost of Rituximab ®.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Horrifying Effects of a Senseless War :: essays papers
Horrifying Effects of a Senseless War Dirty Work is an irresistible debut novel from one of the greatest novelist in American literature today. Throughout each chapter, Larry Brown creatively changes the narrator between the two main characters, which works magnificently. He is bold and decisive in his telling of two disabled individuals being tormented by the physical and emotional hell they withstand in the everlasting Vietnam. Braiden Chainey has no arms or legs due to a machine gun (73). Walter James, thanks to a rocket grenade, no longer has his face (66). As they lay side by side in their separate beds in a V.A. hospital 22 years later, their wounds still ache. These two Mississippians, one white and one black, tell each other their horrendous stories. One by one, they take turns describing the details of their lives and the outcome wanted for their future. Many old themes of literature are invoked in this astonishing tale of hatred, emotion, vengeance, and even passion. Their vivid memories portray the true reality of how that horrifying war gave the veterans the unforgettable long-term effects. Dirty Work is an extraordinary novel, which continuously shows the harsh realities of a powerful war. The two main characters in this novel are compelling. Every feature and emotion mentioned about each individual are so realistic that they are unforgettable. From their family background to their scars of war, each and every aspect is told with such detail and brilliance that the story almost comes to life. Brown utilizes southern slang to the greatest. When Braiden and Walter speak to each other, they perfectly mimic the mistakes and shortenings of everyday southern speech. Most of the dialect indicates brilliantly the way that people whom the author might have encountered at times in his life may have spoken. In one passage, Walter speaks with a nurse, showing their strong southern culture coming out through speech: â€Å"Where’d you learn that song?†â€Å"Known that all my life, So you one of them Missippi boys, huh?†â€Å"Nothing but.†(114) Dirty Work is strongly in the tradition of a classic war book with some southern heritage.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Croce :: Design and Technology
Croce Intuition, Expression and Communication BA 3D Design. Benedetto Croce (1866-1952) perhaps the most important philosopher of the twentieth century lived most of his life in Naples born in the Abruzzi hills a elder son of an ancient and wealthy Neapolitan family was for decades Italy’s exemplar of the indispensable link between intellect and conscience, a philosopher, historian, and critic his approach is one usually termed neo-idealist his aesthetic derives principally from earlier idealist G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) and Giambatista Vico (1668-1774). Croce’s possibly best-known work was published in 1902 Philosophy of the spirit which was divided into four parts â€Å"Aesthetic as the Science of Expression and general Linguistics, Logic as the Science of Pure Concept, Philosophy of the Practical, and History: Its Theory and Practice†But my main concern is with Estetica come scienza dell’ espressione e linguistica generale or â€Å"Aesthetic as the Science of Expression and General Linguistics†within his analysis he states that â€Å"â€Å"intuition†is only intuition in as far as it is, in that very act, expression†. In other words he argues that intuition is one and the same as expression what he means by this is all genuine examples of intuition are in fact examples of expression, and all genuine examples of expression are examples of intuition one is a complex of feeling and thought, while the other is the image that derives from it but for Croce they are the interior and exterior views of the same thing. Plausibly, we cannot have an intuition without an equivalent expression; in other terms that is like talking about a piece of art work or sculpture inside us that we are incapable of expressing in form. Although people do talk that way from time to time, of course, but others are entitled to doubt whether the art piece is really there inside the person or not. The reason we may think we have intuitions that we cannot express is that most of our intuitions like our memories are cloudy and vague, when we come to actualize them; we realize this and put the fault down to poor technique or skill. What distinguishes artists from the inartistic and the rest of us that artists’ intuitions have become much clearer than ours and have also become much clearer still in the process of expression within their art work itself. But he does make a distinction between expression and communication the third factor in the artistic process which in itself is quite unimportant. Croce argues that expression does not basically involve communication. A person can have an intuition in their head and it will count as a genuine expression even if they never try to
Friday, October 11, 2019
A Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Family Names
Abstract The family names of humans are formed and used in the long process of the course of history and the development of society. Family names, being a part of culture, are closely related to history and culture. English and Chinese names are different in their origins and name orders, which is certain to be reflected in their perspective culture.Therefore an exploration of their reflections in the cultural aspects of historical development, feudal history, historical tradition, historical influence and current social situation will be beneficial for the deepening of English study and the mutual understanding and communication of the East and the West. Keywords: Cultural comparison, English family names, Chinese family names, Origin, Name order The word â€Å"culture†comes from the Latin root â€Å"colere†(to inhabit, to cultivate, or to honor).In general, it refers to human activity; different definitions of culture reflect different theories for understanding, or criteria for valuing, human activity. Culture is traditionally the oldest human character, its significant traces separating Homo from australopithecines, and Man from the Animals, though new discoveries are blurring these edges in our day. Sir Edward B. Tylor wrote in 1871 that â€Å"culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of ociety†while a 2002 document from the United Nations agency UNESCO states that culture is the â€Å"set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs†. [UNESCO, 2002].It is generally accepted that language is part of culture. It carries culture, thus be influenced by culture. Names includin g family names, which is a part of language, are sure to reflect the distinct culture of the people using it.This paper intends to start from the English and Chinese family names from the perspectives of the origin and order so as to reveal their reflections on their own culture. A family name (in Western contexts often referred to as a last name or surname) is part of a person's name indicating the family to which the person belongs. A family name is the most fundamental and most significant symbols showing the identification of the members of a society. The use of family names is widespread in cultures around the world, which means family names are part of culture.As far as English and Chinese names are concerned, their cultural differences can be shown in the origins of their family names and the different orders of their names so as to make us learn about the development history of a society or a nation and some other aspects of its culture, which is the purpose of this paper in tending to make an analysis between English and Chinese family names from their cultures reflected. 1. Cultural reflections of the origins of family names If we trace back into the origins of Chinese family names, we can see that Chinese family names are closely related to the development history of the Chinese nation.According to legend, family names started with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC. His administration standardized the naming system in order to facilitate census-taking, and the use of census information. For scientific documentation that matrilineal surnames existed in China before the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) and that â€Å"by the time of the Shang Dynasty they (Chinese surnames) had become patrilinea. †Therefore, what we can learn first is that the ancestors of the Chinese nation came from primitive society.When the Chinese nation went into class society, the emperors had the supreme powers in their hands in awarding lands and fields to those ministers who perfor med meritorious service to their reigns, establishing official positions. Their supreme power was best exemplified in granting a surname to a person when he was alive or after his death. In addition, in feudal societies, the emperors’ names was a taboo on every occasions. The origins of family names also showed that Chinese nation actually is combination of multiple nationalities, which is the same case for the British and American people.As for English family names, 226 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2010 they have a relatively short history. Documents indicate that surnames were first adopted among the feudal nobility and gentry, and only slowly spread to the other parts of society. In Britain, hereditary surnames were adopted in the 13th and 14th centuries, initially by the aristocracy but eventually by everyone. By 1400, most English and Scottish people had acquired surnames, but many Scottish and Welsh people did not adopt surnames until the 17th century, or even later.Henry VIII (1491–1547) ordered that marital births be recorded under the surname of the father. The whole process lasted for 500 years. However, English family names differ from Chinese family names in their civilians consciousness, which can be shown in the casual choice of their family names for even a nickname, childhood name like Fox, Stout, Armstrong, Longfellow can be a person's family name. The origins of English family names can show their love for nature, respect for and sentimental attachment to everything in it. English family names like Bird, Lion, Swan, Wood, Wolf, Bush, Flower, Rose and Apple are such examples.Their family names also indicated that English people are characterised by the pursuit for novelty and oddness without an exception of their family names. According to a survey made in 1974, there were as many as 1,280,000 family names in America, among which more than 1/3 were those that had never been used before, which was obviously a result of Americans' unconventional and original personality. 2. Cultural reflections of the order of family names 2. 1 Reflection of perspective feudal history The nations with a name order of family names preceding given names usually have a long feudal history.The Han nationality have a feudal history of more than 2,500 years, which started from the Western Zhou (1066 – 771 BC)or Eastern Zhou (770 – 256 BC) Chinese society to the Opium War in1839. However, the feudal history of those nations with a name order whose given names precede family names is relatively short. Great Britain is a case in point. It only had a short feudal history of several hundred years. From the 9th century to the 11th century, Britain was still on its way to feudalization and there exited a large number of free farmers.It was only after the Norman Conquest of 1066, the feudal system was widely established in Britain. However, only several hu ndred years later, in the 14th century, its feudal system was disintegrated. When it came to the 16th century, the capitalism was widely developed, which directly led to the British Bourgeois Revolution in the 17th century. To sum up, the feudal history of Britain is very short with no more than 500 years, but its capitalism was developed quite early. 2. 2 Reflection of perspective historical traditionThe nations with a name order of family names preceding given names usually have a long feudal history, in which there wasn’t any democratic tradition and everything was determined by the will of the supreme emperors. Therefore, in those nations, given names which represent a person himself can only be put behind family names which stand for home ownership. In China, from the very beginning of family names, they were put before given names and the tradition lasted for more than 2,500 years. In these nations, although the choice of a person’s given names has always been ch anging with the era, the order of names has always been stable.On the contrary, the British and American people had their democratic tradition even in the feudal reign, which made these nations strengthened more on individual roles. Therefore, their given name which stands for the individual himself was always put before their family name which is a representation of their family. 2. 3 Reflection of their historical influence Chinese name order has a direct influence on that of its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and Japan because of its 5,000 year history of civilization. China's naming system came into being as early as the reign of Emperor Fu Xi.Its neighbouring countries like Korea, Vietnam and Japan either had long been its dependent country or using Chinese characters as their own language. They were greatly influenced by its culture. Similarly, these countries all had a long feudal history, had no democratic tradition, bordered China, used Chinese characters. There fore it was no wonder that they were sure to be influenced Chinese cultures including naming system. However, the English name order was influenced by Roman Republic in its early time. Rome became a republic in about B. C. 510.From then on, the civilians had constant fights against nobility for their rights, which was the origin of their democratic tradition. Because at that time, ancient Rome was the number one civilized country in Europe and in the course of its development it constantly expanded its territories and formed its hegemony in the Mediterranean in the 2nd century B. C. , therefore, its democratic tradition had a great influence on the formation of the national psychology of the whole Europe. Ancient Romans' name was spelled in Latin, and freeman’s name was formed by given name plus tribe or clan name, which was actually their family name.Take the famous Great Emperor Caesar of ancient Rome for example, his name was formed by three parts, that is Caius, Julius Pu blished by Canadian Center of Science and Education 227 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2010 and Caesar. With the development of history, the middle name which was one's clan name disappeared with the diminishing power of clan. The Roman name order which strengthened individual role was widely accepted in the Miderterranean with its expansion in this area.The Latin language which was spoken by ancient Romans first replaced other languages in this area but then split into Italian, French, Portugese and Spanish with the fall of the Roman Empire. Because these languages all have Latin origin, it's natural that the name order of the Latin language permeated into their languages. 3. Reflection of current social situation Family names are not only used for addressing people, they also reflect social realities at that time. In China’s ancient Zhou Dynasty, having or not having a family name showed the contradictory relation between the ruling clas s and the working class.Before the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Chinese women followed their husband’s family name by abandoning their original family name, which showed the feudal prejudice against and bondage upon them. After the establishment of the P. R. C. , the social status of Chinese women has been greatly improved and been considered â€Å"half sky†, they can keep their own family name when they get married. However, in England and cultures derived from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her surname upon marriage from her birth name to her husband's last name.From the first known US instance of a woman keeping her birth name, Lucy Stone in 1855, there has been a general increase in the rate of women keeping their original name. This has gone through periods of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decline in the percentage of name retention among women. As of 2004, roughly 90% of American women automatically assumed t heir husband's surname upon getting married. Even in families where the wife has kept her birth name, parents traditionally choose to give their children their father's family name.Although in America, there was a great change for married women traditionally known as Mrs [Husband's full name] into a modern Mrs [Husband's last name], the incompleteness of women's liberation can still be shown from this. To sum up, family names are not only a sign for a person but reflect culture from different aspects. And a comparison of English and Chinese family names can make us learn about the cultural differences shown from the origins and name orders, which is good for the deepening of the study of English as well as helps to promote the mutual understanding and communication of the East and the West.
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