Rhetorical Analysis of a Modest Proposal Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Analysis of a Modest Proposal Essay actives A Modest Proposal written in 1729 was his proposal for preventing the children of despicable plurality in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for devising them upright to he publick (Swift, Title). This proposal included the exchange, skinning and buying of babies at the age of integrity. This proposal that he has come up with is a very inhuman and controversial one when it comes to being soci solelyy acceptable.Swift begins his essay by describing walking down a street in Ireland. He describes how you would see, beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or sixsome children, all told in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms (Swift, Para. 1). This gives the reader a mental picture of how bad things are for the women he is trying to help. Swift consequently negotiation about how there are very many of these poor people in Ireland and how they are not able to be part of th e middle or working class.Look morehow to write satire essayHe then proposes his idea that the children could, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the cloathing of many thousands (Swift, Para. 4). In no way, shape, or form is the eating of or the using of children in this manner acceptable. No society would ever find it suitable to eat or make babies into clothes. Dr. Swift has made a proposal that he should know would not work because of the inhumanity that it is asking people in which to participate.Jonathan Swift later tells the reader of how he has, computed the rush of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all cottagers, labourers, and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum, rags included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a superb fat child, (Swift, Para. 14). This is a good thing that Swift does telling how the mother would defy to make money on selling her child to a man for dinner. Exce pt, I do not believe you couldnt find a instinctive mother to sell her child knowing that it would be eaten by a human for a meal. Dr.Swift has made a plan for people with no remorse or thought of their children. The only place this plan could be carried out and continue working is a place with robots that have no picture or conscious. Swift then makes the statement, Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flea the carcass the skin of which, artificially dressed, exit make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen, (Swift, Para. 15). He thinks that someone would be able to treat a babys skin as an sensuals and make it into a glove or boot without objection to what it is. This is another flaw in his plan.There are people who are against making animals into clothing. Therefore, I am sure that there would be people against the making of clothes from baby. Next, Dr. Swift gives 6 reasons of why he thinks the plan is a good one. His second reason states, Secondly, The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own, which by law may be made liable to a distress, and help to pay their landlords rent, their lemon and cattle being already seized, and money a thing unknown, (Swift, Para. 22). He thinks that poor tenants with children will be able to give their landlords something valuable by large them their child.No landlord would take a child as a means of money because it safe costs more money to them to have the child then without it. In his fourth reason Swift says, Fourthly, The constant breeders, besides the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children, will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year, (Swift, Para. 24) If the people who like to breed hear of this then they will just think that they will be able to keep having children and selling them instead of having a job. This would cause more jobless people and after so long the supply of the b abies would surpass the demand.There then would be poor children hanging on their mothers again in the street defeating the purpose of the plan in the beginning. Fifthly Dr. Swift says, This food would likewise bring great consumption to taverns, where the vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen, who justly value themselves upon their knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook, who understands how to oblige his guests, will contrive to make it as pricy as they please, (Swift, Para. 5).Again, I refer back to how people would not be able to eat the carcass of an one year old child, but to a fault I think that if you were to find a cook to make this and a person to eat it that it would be at such an outrageous price that the people could not afford to try the meal of the baby.Finally, the last reason I do not think that this plan would work is what is i n the final paragraph of the essay-I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavouring to promote this necessary work, having no other need than the publick good of my country, by advancing our trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich. (Swift, Para. 33).If the person that is proposing the idea at the end of the idea tells you that he has no interest in promoting his own proposal, I believe that it means he thinks that it also will not work and could not be enacted on a society. I am not the only one that is outraged or appalled with the whole caboodle of Dr. Swift. Patrick Delany also states As I have marked the passages that seemed to me most faulty, and gave me most offence, I beg leave to point them out, as they come in my way without any further preface, or apology.The picture he draws of the Yahoos, is too offensive to be copied, even in the slightest sketch. (Kathleen, Pg. 132). Delany and I are both offended and disagree with Swifts works, but as a satire writer this just shows how effective his writing is on his audience. He tries to use outrageous and controversial subjects in order to grab the attention of his readers and keep them reading his papers. This style works very well and is a great way to get your point across. This style has grabbed the attention of all the readers and will continue to grab the attention of all the future readers of his essay.

Energy Drinks Market in Denmark Essay Example for Free

Energy Drinks mart in Denmark Essay1. Introduction Danish soft sucks sales have recorded positive loudness growth in recent age. Strong volume growth was recorded in cleverness sups sales attri thoed to the aggressive marketing and new product launches. roughly of the major players in the Danish slide fastener tope market atomic number 18 combust and tearing slob. Accordingly, the main aim of this herald leave be to come upon and analyze the possible elans for Burn naught throw product to vie with the world famous force drink sanguine diddly-shit which has latterly entered into Danish energy drink market in 2009. 1. 1 Problem definition In 2009, the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration approved the increment of caffeine level in energy drink. This has succumbn a wide-open-door for potable companies to develop in this separate. Taking advant get along with of this opportunity, rubor bull the worlds most famous energy drink company, started to f ight within the Danish energy drink market. On the other hand, Coca-cola Denmark also considered it as an opportunity to save develop product chain of its energy drink Burn.In Denmark, Burn has been dominating the energy drink market so far but now with the entry of trigger-happy Bull into the market it in allow now have to strategically develop its marketing mix to find a better way to compete with blood-red Bull and maintain its dominant position. 1. 2 Problem Statement We define the problem question for our inquiry as follows How could Burn compete with blushful Bull on the Danish energy drink market? To support main question we have formulated some sub questions. They are as follows 1. 2. 1 What is the favourence of customers between Burn and Red Bull?1. 2. 2 How should Burn products be developed and how should they be tolld? 1. 2. 3 How should Coca-cola Denmark promote and address Burn? 1. 3 Definitions 1. 3. 1 Energy drink Energy drink croup be defined as a drink or the beverage that contains laster doses of caffeine and other stimulating agents that give you instant energy. The doses of the caffeine and the stimulants are legally approved by the government health authorities. The main innovation of drinking an Energy drink is to get an instant energy to your body. 1. 3. 2 Burn energy drink.Burn Energy Drink is a functional beverage, commixture of 14 ingredients that come in a 16 ounce can and is available at almost some(prenominal) grocery store or thingamabob store across Denmark. It is one of the products of Coca- sess Company. 1. 3. 3 Red Bull energy drink Red Bull Energy Drink is a functional beverage, specially developed for periods of increased mental and physical exertion. It can be drunk in virtually any situation during sports, at work, whilst driving and during leisure activities. 1. 4 Demarcations (Scope and limitation of the study) As e really report has its limitations, this report is also subject to various limitations .This report is based on two products, Burn and Red Bull which are the products of The Coca-Cola Company and The Red Bull Company respectively. These two companies have various product categories however this report will be focused only(prenominal) on those two products among wide category of energy drink in energy drink sector. As far as the market place is concerned, this report is limited to the Danish market. Most of the consumers of energy drinks in Danish market are mainly the younger people aged 18-25. Considering this fact we have selected this age group as our target group. 2 Theoretical Background.This section of the report helps to provide the broad theoretical framework used for interpreting the search presented in this report. Various marketing theories have been applied as a background in this report. Theory of Market partition is used to analyze Burn and Red Bull in the Danish Market. To analyze the competition between Burn and Red Bull, Competitor Benchmark abrid gment is used. Finally Using the theory of market Mix (4 Ps), recommendation to Burn has been made to successfully develop its marketing campaign so that it can increase its sales and compete with Red Bull. 2. 1 Market segmentation.Market segmentation will be identified by taking into consideration the demographic variables (like gender, different age group and life style) and geographical locations (various cities of Denmark) like Center of Copenhagen, Sj? lland, Fyn and Jylland 2. 2 Competitive Benchmark Analysis Competitive benchmark of Burn will be made with its direct competitor, Red Bull. For this we will take various factors which are tactile property, taste, shuffling, price, place (convenient to profane), promotion and effectiveness of the products. During our group discussion these factors came up as the most relevant criteria for making matched benchmark.Accordingly, respondents were asked to rate and mensurate both Burn and Red Bull on those factors during the on line survey. 2. 3 Marketing Mix (4 Ps) Marketing Mix i. e. 4 Ps will be taken as theoretical base for providing recommendation to Burn after the analysis of data and findings are presented. Accordingly, Product, Price, Place and Promotion Strategy will be presented in identify for Burn to successfully compete over against its rival Red Bull. Then after, the conclusion will be made. 3 Methodology Description This section of the report gives information about the stages that we went through trance doing the query and writing the report. 3.1 Research Design We chose exploratory devise as our research design. We have a research problem which is unstructured. We do not have enough information about our topic for which we have to investigate more on our topic. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods are used. To gain more and more information and insights about the problem topic, Qualitative research design was chosen. Using qualitative data collection method, it be came easier for us to change translate and reformulate our unstructured questions. Quantitative method is also used in order to check the validity of the results obtained from qualitative method.For quantitative data collection we tried to get as many respondents as possible who can represent the add together population. 3. 2 Primary and secondary data collection For this research we have chosen both Qualitative and Quantitative data collection method for primordial data. Similarly, wherever required, we have also used secondary data from the articles, publications and website of the company as well as blogs and other relevant news articles. 3. 3 Qualitative data collection To collect the qualitative data, a focus group interview was conducted. We prepared the interview guide for the focus group which is attached in the appendix.The focus group contained 11 members who are the students from 2nd semester class at Niels Brock. After the completion of interview process we also took a blind experiment among the focus group interview participants plus 15 other students. Students were chosen randomly. Each of them were given to drink two glasses, one filled with Burn and some other filled with Red Bull and were asked which one they like and how they taste. The responses from the participants were used for the analysis. 3. 4 Quantitative data collection To collect quantitative data, we prepared structured questionnaire. It consisted of 15 questions (open and closed ended questions).We posted our research questionnaire in the Facebook blogs and invited 600 Facebook users through simple random method. We got only 116 responses and of which only 77 respondents answered all questions of questionnaire. So in this research 77 respondents are our check number of observation. In other words our sample size is 77 which represent the total population of energy drink customers in Denmark. 4 Presentation and analysis of data The presentation and analysis of data has been c ategorized as Market segmentation and Competitor Benchmark. 4. 1 Market Segmentation of energy drinks 4. 1. 1 Analysis of Focused group interviewDuring the focused group interview, 11 participants were asked about the consumption of energy drink e really hebdomad. Among the participants, 1 participant consumes 5 or more cans per week. 4 respondents consume 3 to 4 cans and 1-2 cans as well. Whereas, 2 respondents consume less than 1 can of energy drink. Thus their consumption habit is around 1-4 cans per week. When thither was a discussion about the occasions during which they consume the energy drink, most of the answers was during workout, training or going to sports and when mixing with alcohol. There was also a discussion about having coffee instead of energy drink when one is tired.6 participants verbalize that they prefer coffee whereas others preferred energy drink. Regarding price, most of the respondents voted for cheaper one, less than 20 DKK and between15-17 DKK. 4. 1. 2 Analysis of Online questionnaire survey The freeness of various age groups towards energy drink is illustrated in the diagram below. It shows that 56% of respondents from age group 18 to 25 years are implicated in energy drink. Figure 1 Willingness of various age-groups towards energy drink reservoir Appendix 4 Similarly, 20% of respondents from the age group below 18 and 26-35 years age group showed their interest in energy drink. exclusively only 4% of the elderly respondents are interested in energy drink. Thus, it can be seen that the highest number of people from the age group 18-25 years are interested in the energy drink. Figure 2 Willingness towards energy drink by gender seed Appendix 5 The above figure shows that 68% of male population is interested in energy drink whereas only 32% of womanish population is interested in Energy drink. Figure 3 Willingness towards energy drink by location Source Appendix 6 According to the above figure, most of the respondents from center of Copenhagen are interested in energy drink.68% respondents from the Copenhagen region and 32% respondents from Sj? land region showed interest in energy drink. While analysisng the age wise consumption of energy drink which is illustrated in the figure below it has been seen that the data is bit conflicting. Figure 4 Age wise consumption of energy drink Source Appendix 7 As shown by the diagram, those who almost never drink energy drinks are higher in age group 18 to 25 years.But again, those drinking from 1-2 cans per week are also higher number in age category 18-25 years but less compared to those who never drink. But what can be conclude that those who drinks energy drinks they normally consume 12 cans per week and are higher in 18-25 years category. Analyzing the preferred occasions when customers usually like to drink energy drink, the research show that customers usually prefer it to mix with alcohol as their first preference and then drinking when they are tired. F igure 5 periodic preference of Energy Drink by gender Source Appendix 8 The above graph shows most of both pistillates and males consume energy drink when they mix with alcohol.22 females out of 35 female respondents (63%) and 19 males out of 42 male respondents (45%) said they consume it when they mix with alcohol. Similarly 43% of female and 40 % of male respondents answered that they take energy drink when they are tired. Likewise, 11% female and 33% male said that they take it when they go to sports. 14% of female and 21% of male chose energy drink when they are thirsty and 6% of female and 7% of male chose for other occasions. Figure 6 Customers willingness to pay for the energy drink Source Appendix 9.Relating to the price it can be intelligibly seen from the figure above that 18-25 years age group which is the target customers for energy drinks are willing to pay 16-20 DKK for the energy drinks where as 26-35 years age group are willing to pay 10-15 DKK for the drink. 4. 2 Competitor Benchmark (Burn and Red Bull) 4. 2. 1 Analysis of Focused group interview During the focused group interview, 8 out of 11 participants preferred Red Bull. Only 3 preferred Burn. When there was a discussion of product features like taste, flavor and effectiveness of the products participants said that effectiveness of the product is of import.During the blind test 26 participants were made to taste both Burn and Red Bull drinks blindf dodderinged. Table 1 Preference of product by tasting without knowing the product (Blind Test) BurnRed BullBoth Total no. of participant (26)9152 The research showed that Red Bull was highly preferred by the participants with 58% appreciating the taste of Red Bull. Burn was preferred by only 35% of the participants. 4. 2. 2 Analysis of Online questionnaire survey The illustration of various measures to which the consumer gave importance when acquire energy drink is shown in the figure below. Figure 7 Customers emphasis when misdirecting e nergy drink.Source Appendix 10 We found data of customers according to the importance they give to various measures or elements when they want to buy an energy drink. The above graph shows that 53% of the total respondents said flavor is very authorized when they buy energy drink. About taste, 60% said it is very all-important(prenominal). None of the respondents said that it is not important at all. Talking about brand, only 19% said very important, 34% said important, 30% said not so important and 17% said not important at all. About price, 51 %( more than half population) said that it is very important.Only 5% said not so important and no respondents said that it is not important at all. So far as convenient place to buy is concerned, 29% said very important, 54% said important. When packaging is concerned 16% said very important, 29% said important 39% said not so important and 16% said not important at all. When it is about effectiveness, 44% said it is very important, 38% s aid important. Thus the analysis shows that flavor, taste, price, convenient buying options and effectiveness of the drinks are important for customers where as brand and packaging are not that important in buying decision.Based on the various factors to which the consumers give preference when buying energy drinks, comparative analysis between Burn and Red Bull has been carried out. This can be described from the figure given below. We asked the respondents to adjudicate Burn and Red Bull giving them 4 options (Very Good, Good, Bad, Very Bad). But here in the analysis we have taken only two options as we think these two options are sufficient for comparative analysis. Figure 8 Comparison of Burn and Red Bull based on the various factors SourceAppendix 11 The above figure shows the customers preference between Burn and Red Bull on the various factors which are important for their buying decision. 34% of the total respondents said the flavor of Burn is good and 23% said very good wh ile 48% and 29% said the flavor of Red Bull is good and very good respectively. Similarly, 39% and 13% of the total respondents said the taste of Burn is good and very good respectively while 52% and 29% respectively chose good and very good for the taste of Red Bull. As far as brand is considered, 39% and 26% said the Burn brand is good and very good respectively while 42% and 45% said Red Bull brand is good and very good respectively.When it is about price, 27% and 12% chose good and very good for Burn while 16% and 12% for Red Bull. 35% and 23% of total population said Burn is good and very good respectively when considering convenient to buy whereas for Red Bull it is 38% and 17% respectively. About packaging 36% and 22% answered good and very good for Burn while for Red Bull its 45% and 18%. Finally for the effectiveness of the product, 39% and 18% respectively chose good and very good for Burn while it is 45% and 25% for Red Bull.Thus the analysis shows that customers highly p refer Red Bull while relating to flavor, taste, and brand. On the other hand, with relating to price, convenient to buy and nice packaging, customers seemed to prefer Burn. So far as the effectiveness is concerned, Preference towards Red Bull is high but the difference is not so much. 5 Findings and summary of the analysis According to the analysis presented above, it can be seen that the energy drink market segmentation is more concentrated on the costumers between age group of 18-25 and that the customers are dominantly male rather than female.Looking at the geographic dissemination the market segment is undoubtedly concentrated on Copenhagen with to some extent also in Sj? land. However, the other fact is also that since Copenhagen is the largest city with dense population this result is kind of obvious. The other important findings of the study regarding the life style of the customers relating to the consumption of energy drinks is that energy drinks are excessively consumed as a mix in alcohol and then it is consumed while people get tired. Also energy drinks are often consumed just 1 or 2 cans per week. Normally customers are willing to pay 16-20 DKK for the drink.The analysis shows that in familiar the customers give high importance to the flavor, taste, price, effectiveness and buying convenience while making their buying decisions of energy drinks and that the brand and packaging are not of importance for the customers. Keeping this in mind the competitor benchmark of Burn and Red Bull Red Bull clearly shows that though Red Bull being a new entrant in the Danish market it has succeeded in taking good share of energy drink market in Denmark. Red Bull is preferred by customers in terms of its flavor, taste which are important factor in general for customers while making their buying decisions.Similarly, with the effectiveness as well Red Bull is preferred by customers in comparison to Burn. Burn is preferred by customers in packaging which not of im portant factor for customers. But Burn still dominate Red Bull in terms of its easy handiness at stores which is due to the fact that it is distributed by Carlsberg Brewery which is considered to have a very strong distribution channel in Danish market. (footnote) Again at price Burn is rated better owing to the fact that they are cheaper than Red Bull. Of course with the brand Red Bull is rated much better as it is an internationally recognise brand.6 Recommendations Based on above findings following recommendations have been suggested for Burn to improve its products, promotion and pricing strategy. The recommendations will be based on the marketing mix (4 Ps) which is product, price, place and promotion. 6. 1 Product Since the research findings show that Red Bull has dominant preference by customers in terms of flavor, taste and effectiveness, and so Burn has to come up with innovative product development in order to provide added value to its product so that customers prefere nces divert towards Burn.Therefore, considerable amount of resources and time should be spent on research and development of variety of flavors and appealing taste with its product. Since the market segment of the energy drink is mostly 18-25 years old and that they consume it as mix in alcohol so the taste preference of these age group should be taken into consideration and the flavor and taste should be developed which is appealing while mixing with alcohol as well. 6. 2 Price Relating to the price, Burn is cheaper that Red Bull and realizing the fact that Red Bull is gaining market share it is wise to maintain its low price strategy.6. 3 Place The research show Burn with strong placement but since strong distribution channel is its one of core competencies it has to fully utilize this competences to move ahead form Red Bull to place its products at all the convenient stores. The major priority should be given to Copenhagen since its the main market segment but again taking advant age of its well managed distribution channel it should also focus on other cities where Red Bull are not able to reach due to lack of experience with the Danish market.6. 4 Promotion A well planned advertising strategy should be developed mainly targeting on the 18-25 years age group and again the male customers who are the major customers of energy drinks. Though Red Bull is world recognized brand, Burn also has its brand reputation as it is a product of world class Coca Cola Company. Thus advertising campaign should also be focused to create awareness of the Coca Cola brand among the customers while promoting Burn which can positively influence customers choice.7 Conclusion Based on the research analysis and findings, it can be conclude that within the Danish energy drinks market Burn is definitely getting a tough competition from Red Bull despite the fact the Red Bull is a new entrant in Danish market. Its global brand recognition has provided Red Bull with competitive strength which can be a serious threat to Burn in coming future. Therefore it is a must for Burn to take timely action and initiate needed marketing strategies to compete with Red Bull.Burn has low price advantage as well as strong distribution channel which provide Burn with an edge in the competitive market and therefore it needs to look more into product development and promotion strategy in order to compete with Red Bull and thus gain success in the competitive energy drink market. 8.References Books David Jobber. (2007). Principles and Practice of Marketing. UK. McGraw-Hill didactics Pervez GH, Kjell Gr. (2005). Research Methods in Business Studies. UK. Pearson Education Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007). Business Research Methods. 2nd Ed. UK.Oxford University Press Burns, A. C. and Bush, R. F. (2006) Marketing Research, 5th ed. , Prentice Hall Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2006) Marketing Management, 12th ed. , Prentice Hall Svend Hollensen, (2007) Global Marketing a decision-oriented approach, Websites http//www. euromonitor. com/Soft_Drinks_in_Denmark http//advantageaustria. org/dk/news/local/Red-Bull-und-Shark. en. jsp http//www. aeofooddrink. com/34. php http//www. dietspotlight. com/burn-energy-drink-review/ http//www. redbull. com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Products/Red-Bull-Energy-Drink-021242751115866?p=1242745950125/product-FAQ 9 Appendices Appendix.1 Questionnaire Dear respondents, we make this survey in order to obtain more countrywide knowledge about the energy drink sector in Denmark, particularly the two big brands Burn and RedBull. So we would highly appreciate if you spend a few minutes answering our questionnaire. Your information will be treated anonymously 1. How interested are you in energy drinks? oVery interested oInterested oNot very interested oNot intererested at all 2. How often do you drink energy drinks? oAlmost never oFrom 1 2 cans per week.oFrom 2-5 cans per week oMore than 5 cans per week 3. ON WHAT OCCASIONS DO YOU DRINK ENERGY DRINKS? oWhen Im tired oWhen Im thirsty oWhen I go to sports oWhen I mix with alcohol oOther (please specify in the box below) 4. Where do you often buy energy drinks? oIn the super markets oIn the bars oIn Seven Eleven oIn small shops (eg gas station, kiosk and so on oOther (please specify in the box) 5. How much would you like to pay for an energy drink? o10 15 Kr o16 20 Kr o21 25 Kr oMore than 25 Kr 6. How important are the following factors when you buy energy drinks?Very important Important Not so important not important at all Good flavor Good taste Good brand valid price Convenient to buy Nice packaging The effectiveness of the drinks 7. Which of these brands do you know? oBurn oRed Bull oNone of them 8. Which one of these brands do you prefer? oBurn oRed Bull oNone of them 9. How do you evaluate RED BULL in the following factors? Very goodGoodNot good-not badBad Very bad Brand Taste touch Price Convenient to buy Packaging potency 10. Do you have any recommendations for RED BU LL to better meet your satisfaction?oI dont know oIm already very satisfied oI would recommend as follows 11. How do you evaluate BURN in the following factors? Very good Good Not good-not bad Bad Very bad Brand Taste Flavor Price Convenient to buy Packaging Effectiveness 12. Do you have any recommendations for BURN to better meet your satisfaction? oI dont know oIm already very satisfied oI would recommend as follows 13. What is your age? oYounger than 18 years old oFrom 18 25 years old oFrom 26 35 years old 14. What is your gender? oMale oFemale 15. Which part of Denmark do you live in?oCenter of Copenhagen oSj? lland oFyn oJylland Appendix 2 Interview guide for focus group What criteria do people choose when they buy energy drink products? Are different flavors important? What occasion do they drink energy drink? Eg when theyre tired, or mix with strong alcohol, etc. What product name(s) do they like? Why? Do they know Burn/Red Bull? Where do they buy? Do they like Burn/Red Bul l products? How much should a can of energy drink cost? Appendix 3 Fokus gruppe analyse 2. Semester klasse Niels Brock Lien, Niraj, Silas og Michelle Market researchAlle kender begge 11 deltager 8 ud af 11 kan lide red bull Dog viste det at 6 ud af 11 faktisk kun valgte Red Bull efter blinde smagning Smagen er bedre, burn er for sodt. (inden smagning af begge m? rker) Hvor mange energidrinks drikker du per uge? 1 drikker 4-5 cans a week 4 3-4 cans 4 1-2 cans 2 mindre end 1 Hvornar drikker du energidrinks? Sprut, tr? ning, Det er meget i forhold til det at man drikker alkohol. Enighed blandt minimum 8 af deltagerne Dog drikker mange det ogsa hvis de er tr? tte eller skal til tr? ning efter en lang dag i skole.Kaffe frem for energi drink hvis man kan lide det hvis man er tr? t og skal videre, dette mener 6 ud af 11 af deltagerne hvor de andre ikke kan lide kaffe eller mener at en energi drik er bedre Hvor meget vil du betale for en energidrink? Ikke mere end 20kr, mellem15-17kr ca er de fleste villige til at betale Men ville kobe den billigste hvis de stod mod hinanden pa hylden i super marked. Energien er mere vigtig end smagen. Irriterende reklamer for meget nogenhed provokerende reklamer mener 2 af deltagerne, Red Bull promoverer ikke sadan (I Dk hvert fald).

Mozarabic Religious Culture in Spain

Mozarabic Religious Culture in SpainPeople define art as something which has been molded from genius and skills. It is something do out of inspiration or something that the artist envisions. We consider the remnants of the past as arts, Greek potteries, ancient paintings or buildings, illuminated manuscripts and so forth. These objects may be admired and appreciated in several various ways but what we see may non be the view of the artist who made it centuries ago. thither were relics of the past that has shown history. there are objects that we may consider today as an object of art but what we see is just a bittie piece of what it has been to the people where it had been before. It may represent what culture it came from, what trials did the creator of the object had gone through to answer something that would subsist through the years to be appreciated and be treasured in the present time. In most histories, there were always things found that represents what kind of life they have lived, murals that tells the story of our ancestors existence just standardised a diary in the present time. In the history of Spain there existed a group of minorities which made an impact in the countrys history religiously and artistically.Mozarabs were Iberlian Christians lifespan in Al-andalus, a nation in the Iberian Peninsula. The term Mozarabic is derived from the word mustarib or mustarab which came from the Arab root word araba, meaning in the active sense, to make oneself connatural to the arabs or having assimilated Arabic customs or most specifically designating someone who had the appearance of an Arab, was indistinguishable from the Arabs, an would not stand out in the crowd of Arabs (Corominas 244). It was a term derived to call the Christians who lived in the control of the Muslim lands and avoid confusion among old Christians who resided in Al-andalus and other Christians.Although Spain was Muslim in that period (711-1492), Mozarabs were treated good-n aturedly, though they remain unconverted to Islam and didnt actually enjoy equal rights. A few hold to be converted to Islam to avoid the heavy tax being subjected to them. The conversion also opened opportunities for them to make a better living and alleviate their status in the society since they were in a Muslim community. They have select Arab customs, culture and Arabic lyric poem. Christians lived in a separate community they had their own government, and paid a special tax in place of the requirement made of Muslims to serve in the army. There were Mozarab women who married Muslim men and their children were raised as Muslims.Mozarabic was the romance language they spoke (Hitchcock 12). This language was first documented in the Peninsula in the form of choruses or kharjas in Arabic and Hebrew lyrics called muwashshahs. Even though Arabs were driven out of Spain at the end of 15th century and the language has died out, it is sometimes claimed that Mozarabic has left its ma rk on the dialects of Southern Spain and Portugal.In their time, Mozarabs never call their language as Mozarabics nor themselves as Mozarabs. At times Christian communities prospered in Muslim Spain these Christians are now usually referred to as Mozrabes, although the term was not in use at the time (Hitchcock 1978). Historians started calling them Mozarabs only in the nineteenth century referring to the Christians who lived under the Muslim rules in the Iberian Peninsula during the middle ages.The Mozarabs had ritual worships in the Catholic Church which was Mozarabic sacrament of the Eucharist. It was most celebrated on Sundays and on swell feasts. The Mozarabic rite is the second-best most attested hold documented liturgy in the Latin Church the first is the Roman rite. The role of the Blessed pure(a) Mary is emphasized in their rites more than that of the Romans. They were also the first to use ashes within the liturgical celebrations. Mozarabic sacrament of the Eucharist is also called Gothic-Spanish, Isidorian and Toledian (Gihr 334). Many of the existing manuscripts of these rites are in cathedral Chapter Library at Toledo.There were manuscripts found by the cardinal in the library of the cathedral in Toledo in 1502 as mentioned by Gomez to his form of Brevarium Gothicum which was published in Madrid, 1775. These manuscripts were one of the magnificent Mozarabic arts preserved from their time. It was said that these manuscripts were written in old Gothic characters and related to the ancient Spanish Liturgy (Notes Queries 41). The manuscript was said to have a resemblance to the Roman Liturgy in every essential part. The Mozarabic Liturgy is an essential part of the Spanish Christian History. Their rites continued to be used in the five churches of Toledo until 1842 when the Spanish government suppressed the churches throughout the country and the number of parishes dropped.Another essential part of the Mozarabic Liturgy is the Mozarabic chant whi ch has a significant influence from the Gregorian chants. It was also a period of musical creativity in the part of being liturgical, which was still preserved at present time. It was intended to be sung by males, in accordance with the Roman Catholic Tradition and was monophonic and a capella. There were iv chant categories, recitation, syllabic, neumatic, and melismatic. Chants were considered a method for spiritual development it can be performed individually or in a group. Chants may involve throat cantabile as in Tibetan Buddhists and chanting mantras which are particular to Hindus.In the time of the Moorish invasion in Toledo there was a clash in the liturgical rites because the king and queen preferred the Roman rites so in order to decide which of the two were most favored by heaven they agreed to choose their own champions to fight in mortal combat. But when the Mozarabs won, the king and queen were annoyed by their triumph and later came to a thought that it is not appro priate to question theology in the form of a combat. It is only through a miracle that they will determine heavens response. Believing that their rituals were exceptional they proposed to make another deal where the two liturgies were thrown into fire while each party prays to heaven. The one which will not be burned will be considered the most favorable to heaven. The Roman ritual came out scorched but the Toledan remained on the spot where it was thrown and remained without injury. The Mozarabic ritual was then preserved and followed for a pine period by their descendants until the copies of the rituals were lost and no one was able to perform and understand the services which had caused disputation between them. Having the desire not to foreswear such significant custom, Don Francisco Ximenes, archbishop of Toledo, founded a Mozarabic chapel where Mozarabic services were to be celebrated. The chapel which still exists is ornamented with interesting Gothic frescoes which were st ill in a thoroughgoing(a) stage of preservation. It represents various combats between Toledans and Moors, another is meticulously painted frescoes which shows the vessels that brought the Arabs to Spain(Gautier 127). One of the paintings represents the old Toledo during that time and information about the arms, costumes, weapons and architecture of their period in Brobdingnagian details. The cloisters, as well, were covered with frescoes. They surround a number of elegant and severe arcades of beautiful masses of vendure (Gautier 127). The cloisters were fittingly located near the church where you can travel about and reflect your thoughts without having to join in a ceremony or in a prayer. It was a peaceful and cheerful surrounding. The church in St.Thome at Toledo which was Moorish in all its details was classified as Mozarabic Architecture. There were many of the same class with horseshoe shaped arches and ribbed domes which were undoubtedly cognize as made by Christians bu t has Islamic influences (Fergusson 158). Mozarabic architectures has absence of exterior decoration, diverse in the floor plans, the majority of the structure is emphasized in the small proportions/ carvings (segmented, ribbed of horseshoe transept, etc.). It was known that Mozarabic arts and architecture were a fusion of Christian and Arabic influences whereas the adjective Mozarabic was derived. These practices were seen in the artistic church architectures and manuscript designs. There were various buildings in Spain with Mozarabic influence but there were ones which were purely Mozarabic. Some examples were the Iglesia de San Miguel de Escalada (fig.1), east of Leon the Ermita de San Baudelio (fig.2), beyond Berlanga de Duero in Soria province and Iglesia de Sta Maria de Lebea (fig.3), on the east side of the Picos de Europa mountains.Various churches with Mozarabic characteristics were built during religiously tolerant periods across Al-andalus. Eventually, most of them were d estroyed or damaged in the years of conflict and persecution between different communities. An important characteristic of the Mozarabs was that they stick to their customs, cultures and religion although they were not allowed to build new churches.The eighth century is a fundamental phase for Christian culture in Spain where numerous architectural and artistic customs arose with influences from early Christian and Carolingian Art. When the Mozarabs migrated to north of Spain they established many monasteries where a certain change in the regions model in architecture, sculpture and painting occur. Along with the changes in the traditional architecture there arose an illumination of manuscripts mostly from the Bible and the New Testament and Beatus of Liebanas commentary on the Book of Apocalypse also known as the Book of Revelation of St. John. It was the reason that Beatus of Liebana was known in the later decades of the eighth century.Beatus of Liebana was known a monk, theologi ser and geographer. He was also know to have written two other texts, being the co-author of the Apologeticum which is also known as the Letter of the Etherius and Beatus to Elipandus and as the potential author of the sixty-line acrostic hymn known as O Dei Verbum (Kinane 48).In his time, having studied the New Testament Apocalypse, he saw the signs which were to his belief the sign of the plump for Coming of Jesus Christ. The Adoptionist movement which does not believe that Jesus is the Son of God is, to his view, the anti-christ. He wrote a letter to Archbishop Elipandus of Toledo about the error of his ways. To the latters annoyance, he wrote a letter to the Asturian abbot Fidel accusing Beatus of the sin of arrogance, being a lowly monk teaching ways to an Archbishop(Kinane 50). The archbishops words of sarcasm and name-calling might have served for Beatus to bring out the Apologeticum where he turned the Archbishops word back on him entwining words based from the Bible. He be in his own logical form that Elipandus is the Antichrist which caused Doctrinal contend and brought Elipandus to scrutiny throughout Europe.Beatus calculated the Second Coming of Christ based on the events in the Bible and had arrived to the conclusion that the 6th millennium from the time of fling would be the end of days.In total, the Mozarabs religious culture had been of great influence in Spains customs and its arts and architecture. Although a minority group they have proved to have lived in what they believed and fought for it. They played an essential part in its religious history and had been a foundation of Christianity.

Micro And Macro Environment Analysis Of Disneyland Tourism Essay

Micro And Macro Environment Analysis Of Disneyland Tourism EssayUpon review the Disneyland mathematical process in different regions that appear many opportunities and ch on the wholeenges, which ar facing to Disneyland. Since the major challenge is ethnic crash in different aras that vary from region to region, which unneurotic with the problems of Disneylands standardization structure.In the past, Disneyland has difficulty when dealing with the employees in 2006 of Hong Kong Disney that led to high level of anger among dissatisfied. The top prudence in Disneyland tries to cope with cultural in overseas to solve the problems of conflicts between the employers and employees towards.On the other hand, Disneyland tries every mean to adapt more to the topical anaesthetic anesthetic environment in instal to assuage the local customers contracts and wants.The Walt Disney play along is in the entertainment industry that is tending to spread more globally throughout the world.His tory and Company Background of DisneylandThe Walt Disney Theme viridity was founded over 80 years that the first Disneyland is lunched in USA, which is going to expand to new territories that go further to market globalization in universal. There is natural 11 theme park in worldwide that contain Paris, Tokyo, Honk Kong and Shanghai in future. (DISNEY, 2010)Mission of DisneylandThat is to deliver quality entertainment experience to all ages with the messages Dream come true and focus on the Imagineering that focus to provide and create magic hours to all guests and visitors.Context AnalysisThis will go on to depth psychology the marketing environment that lies of micro-environment and macro-environment. The micro-environment concerns the internal factors affecting The Walt Disney Company whereas the macro-environment concerns the external factors that can affect the micro-environment (Kolter, Bowen Makens, 2006).SWOT Analysis of Walt Disney CompanyThere are quartet things an org anization should consider and analyze during various stages throughout the fiscal year that are crucial to keeping up with the competition and giving a comparatively accurate perspective on positioning. The SWOT analysis helps an organization understand the current and potential environment for their particular product and service (Hair, Lamb McDaniel, 2008) which waive adjusting the marketing tactics in order to help focus the strategies. That is going to analysis and recognizes the strengths and weaknesses are internal reflections, whereas the opportunities and threats are external reflections.StrengthsWalt Disney Company has developed ceremonious and well known brand name and image over many years in the entertainment industry, which has long history and tradition that can facilitate traditional values (Datamonitor, 2007).In addition, Disneyland has many unique roles of characters and each of it has specific and attractive fairy tales hus, Disneyland are well equipping with br oad product portfolio that consist of media networks, pose and resorts, studio entertainment and consumer products as different business segments with Imagineering section.WeaknessesWalt Disney Company is frequent change in top management level that let to miscommunication and a high chance for a bureaucracy between employers and employees, which cause of high turnover rate.Furthermore, Disneyland is mainly focus on standardization that each of the theme parks in different region is similar except the one in Tokyo.Since 1997 decreasing revenues and strong degreasing operating income no juicy unitOpportunitiesThe markets of today are becoming more versatile to outsourcing and globalization. The trend towards globalization is not immune to the entertainment business and The Walt Disney Company is revealing this by expanding outside of the United States and religious offering theme parks in France, Japan and China.ThreatsThreats that are more prevalent in the era of globalization a re the laws and regulations of other countries. There is a need for constant monitoring of the differences in the laws of other countries and the United States when organizations are outsourcing. Moreover, the theme parks must meet the safety regulations of the countries in which they operate in order to stay in business and maintain their international status. Furthermore, since the culture difference is vary from region to region that is hard to predict the right social growth or interests of the target customers.As with any business a main aspect of the threat analysis is the competition. The Walt Disney Company and the theme park industry are many competitors like Universal Studios. In addition, there are many other less visible competitors that one might not naturally destine of when assessing the competitive market in which Disney deals. For instance, there are various country parks like water parks that can also be considered as cheaper or more valuable competition for Disn ey. Competition, in any form, can diminish Disneys market share in the entertainment industry (Datamonitor, 2007After analysis the external and internal environment of Walt Disney Company that has been figure out some of the problems should be aware afterwards.Key IssuesThe major existing problems facing by The Walt Disney Company that is highlighted the theme parks in Paris and Hong Kong.For the Disney of Paris has faulty or misguided during the planning of basic assumptions and forecasts. Disney failed to anticipate the major change of economy that European Recession during the Disney opened. Europe was in the middle of an economic slump with financial problem. Thus, this reduced the purchasing power at this time. The graph below illustrates the downturn in Frances GDP during this period (1992-1994), resulting in a reduction in disposable income among the French population.Moreover, Disney did not anticipate the culture differences of Europeans that incorporate with the language a nd eating habits, initially, forbidden alcohol in the park of the worlds largest wine consumption country. The cultural miscalculations with incorrect marketing plan of cross-cultural blunders occurred and were widely, even gleefully as the American cultural imperialism.Many additional internal and external factors contributed to the initial failure of EuroDisney, which are communication gaps, increasing interest rates, reduction in the real estate market, operating(a) errors, and high labor costs all contributed to the $1 billion USD total loss.However, many of these factors have been thoroughly analyzed throughout the years. Fortunately for Disney, many of these factors were corrected. By 2008, Euro Disney was able to make a profit of $19 million HKD.Besides, Hong Kong Disney fails to reach target numbers of guest arrivals and fails to gain competitive advantages that due to poor management that fail to embrace the importance of corporate social responsibility planning in buildin g up customer loyalty. Although Disney learned lessons and tried to avoid the aforementioned(prenominal) mistakes of cultural differences, the management has tho focused on risk patterns rather than appraisal and learning about potential chance and risk.Disney had attempted entry into the festering Chinese market prior opening in china (Kolter Armstrong, 2006). Since the publication of fairy tales story books in Mandarin and creation of Disney character based on the Chinese traditional legend Mulan. Thus, Hong Kong Disneyland took the steps to avoid the cultural crashes which happened in France, by preparing the population for the entry of Disney and enabling the identification with Disney character and concepts (Jobber D., 2007). However, Hong Kong Disneyland admitted that the park had only attended around 4.5 million visitors in 2008 and so on in 2009. Apart from this, there are losing money according to the revenue and expenses that shown at the bellow (HKDL, 2010).On the o ther hand, Tokyo Disney regarded as a great triumph with combined annual attendance and operating income, which is a joint venture appendage model operated by Nipponese. That successful reason is not only rely on-manage no cultural crash that can .As the Japanese had a great interest in Western cultural and do love of fantasy and costume that main visitors of this theme park are the local residents of Japan in fact.Despite Japan is facing the problem of aging population, the management had set the slight on the growing elderly population as marketing strategy to deal with the problem of aging population. Tokyo Disneyland offers a cut-rate annual pass for visitor who aged 60 or above. This save arise the discussion that Disneyland is icons of entertainment for children, no matter this is the first time a special annual pass for seniors has been available, it also successes to take measure and address to the senior. (THINGSASIAN, 2008) http//www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/2963 9After the wavering beginnings of Euro Disney, management quickly learned many valuable lessons about international expansion and acted on these lessons to develop culturally accepted and profitable theme park.To prevent the consequences of the failure that is needed learn from the pervious experiences and clarify clearly about the key successful factors of managing global marketing strategies.Q1. The critical success factors in managing a global marketing strategyBusiness consultants thus contend that the key to successful international marketing for any business-whether a transnational corporation or a small entrepreneurial venture-is the ability to adapt, manage, and coordinate an intelligent plan in an unfamiliar (and sometimes unstable) foreign environment.

Top Down And Bottom Up Management Styles

Top Down And Bottom Up Management StylesThe top-down model is a concern strategy where scientific investigation leads the process of identifying and aimating specific field of battles (Kelsey et al., 1995 in MPA connections, 2004). This model is an approach to programmening that usually involves a centralized government imposing regulations or laws on option users (MPA connections, 2004). This model can be real controversial and give rise to opposition as it fails to adequately take into consideration and represent the concerns of stakeh gagaers in the MPA denomination process which can result in a confederation with little understanding of, or financial support for an MPA site proposal or its attention plan (Brody, 1998). This top-down management strategy tends to produce paper-greens in which natural options continue to be degraded due to ineffective enforcement measures and little compliance with rules and regulations (Brody, 1998). This seems to be explicit with regar ds to Buccoo Reef, where decisions about the BRMP are largely made by government officials or management authorities without considering the contri aloneions of numerous stakeholders. The local anesthetic anaesthetic conjunction especially those indigenous to the Buccoo crossroads region, feels disrespected by the neglect of communication, and feels that their opinions should be interpreted into consideration. This lack of communication and support of familiarity involvement, had led to a corporation that is somewhat disenfranchised, rebellious and uninterested in contributing to protection of the resource.The bottom-up management strategy employs the emphasis on acknowledging local values and perspectives as well as adapting designations to prior use patterns (Fiske 1992 in MPA connections, 2004). This model is a planning approach that usually combines scientific knowledge with traditional knowledge of the users in frame to understand and accommodate how they rely on the r esource (Graham et al., 1992). Protected areas, either terrestrial or marine, are diverse in their specifications and goals, but share a polar common ingredient the division of the public (Springer, 2006). It has thus been realized that biodiversity conversation initiatives can non be thought in isolation of well-disposed issues (Mishra et al., 2009) and biodiversity saving schemes that do not take local hatful into account not still raise ethical issues, but also run the risk of world self-defeating (Few, 2000) since ignoring the role of local communities volition only exacerbate the problems associated with natural resources (Camarago at al., 2009). It is important to preeminence however, that social systems are made of complex components, some of which are inevitably oppositional (Springer, 2006). Nevertheless, these variable roles played by diverse groups of people can contribute to the success of the designated protected area, or in some cases, fracture the entire scenario (Springer, 2006).Over the past two decades, it has bugger off widely recognized that the management of protected areas should include the cooperation and support of local communities (Wells Brandon, 1992). There has been a growing realization that the conventional Gun and Guard rule of conservation is no more than effective in dealing with the socio-ecological complexity and political dimensions of biodiversity conservation (Mishra at al., 2009). Dealing with such(prenominal) a multidimensional issue, requires compound approaches that recognize the interconnectedness of social and ecological systems and attempt to link science, policy and societal goals through interdisciplinary methods of problem solving and multi-stakeholder involvement (Mishra et al., 2009). Failure to deal an interdisciplinary approach to protected area management and manage protected areas as human ecosystems can compromise the biophysical values for which protection was sought (Stevens, 1986 in Lane, 2001). This realization has encouraged the phylogenesis of community- base conservation (Mehta Kellert, 1998 cited in Bajracharya et al., 2005), which emphasizes the role of communities in decision reservation (Adams Hulme, 2001).Community InvolvementCommunity-based conservation approaches to decision-making in the management of protected areas are increasingly world implemented (Bajracharya et al., 2005) and many projects confine now been initiated in discordant countries, most notably in Africa, where slaying of such community-based conservation practices sire contributed to decreases in poaching and improved conservation (Wainwright Wehrmeyer, 1998 cited in Bajracharya et al., 2005). Designation of protected areas can sometimes result in a variety of prohibit consequences for rural or local communities by means of restriction of access to traditionally used resources, disruption of local cultures and economies by tourists, resulting in social and ethnic disrupti on and possibly enforced poverty (Mishra 1982 in Bajracharya et al., 2006). These issues piss heightened concerns and have led to the growing recognition that for protected areas to be effective, local people destiny to be tight-fittingly involved in their management (Wells Brandon, 1992). Several research papers have emphasized that failure to recognize the relationship amidst character and people can precipitate local social disruption among other negative concussions (Lane, 2001). The approach of community-based protected area management attempts to influence the thinking and attitudes with the swear that this will eventually lead to changes in behavior, although in some communities, such changes do not al fashions occur (Infield Namara, 2001 in Bajracharya et al, 2005).Achieving community-based conservation is very complex. It is very difficult to stipulate a single value or goal onto an entire community of varying stakeholders as that can be restrictive and lastly ineff ective be produce it does not represent the community as a whole (Springer, 2006). The extent of variation depends on many factors, such as, the size and character of the community in question, the social cohesion of that particular community and the underlying motivation in making unified decisions (Mascia 2004 cited in Springer, 2006). There is no single, definitive framework that can direct diverse communities toward full agreement of any particular issue, thus encouraging communities to come to a decision that represents a broad spectrum of motivations will facilitate the formation and acceptance of alternative and perhaps even more creative solutions (Chrislip, 1994 in Springer, 2006). It is thoroughly necessary to understand the social dynamics of protected areas as it can have important implications for the implementation of management decisions.The central idea of community-based management or co-management as it is sometimes interchangeably referred, is the idea that if common land managers can establish a cooperative relationship with local residents and park users, in which the responsibility is shared, then the task of the professional manager and the nature and impressiveness of local management problems can be significantly changed (Lane, 2001). Establishing a cooperative relationship however depends on how the issue is addressed to stakeholders. Management must control how best it can interact with the local community to achieve reciprocally acceptable goals (Springer, 2006). As suggested by Springer (2006), the best way to guarantee the movement of these goals is through familiarity of the complex social connections within the community of interest (Springer, 2006). In order to gain an understanding of the intricate social dimensions of any community, it requires a close analysis of that particular community which will call for significant consultation and collaboration with various community members (Chrislip 1994, cited in Springer, 20 06). This collaboration among conservation planners and stakeholders is crucial to integrating protected areas into the local socioeconomic fabric of the community, thus overcoming local opposition and behaviors that would otherwise undermine conservation goals while developing effective partnerships between local stakeholders and conservation planners (Lane, 2001). These co-management or community-based arrangements have the potential to provide economic benefits for local peoples (Smyth, 1992 cited in Lane 2001), however the extent of the economic benefit is unconquerable by the nature of the relationship between the community and managers and the freeness of the managers to consider local economic issues (Lane, 2001).To achieve effective collaboration, approaches are required that effectively engage the local community in management and decision making, and that enable their livelihood needs to be adequately met (Bajracharya et al., 2006). This concept of linking conservation with community development has resulted in a major shift in conservation management, based on the assumption that if local communities derive some benefits from conservation, they will in turn be more promising to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity (Wells Brandon, 1992). This linkage of conservation ideals with the societal realm of protected areas addresses biological, cultural, economic and political concerns while empowering communities through effective collaboration and integration in conservation efforts (Granek and Brown, 2005).Before gaining local stakeholder and institutional participation, it is imperative that stakeholder education be a prerequisite to the planning and participation process. Educational programs should be implemented that acknowledge stakeholder concerns and educate stakeholders about the benefits and limitations of implementing a protected area. Granek and Brown (2005) describeed in their studies on the Comoros Islands that educating abou t the natural history to local resource users resulted in great understanding and appreciation of protecting local resources (Lundquist Granek, 2005). Education however, should not be special(a) to only stakeholders, but or else include scientists and managers to be educated on issues that will augment their understanding of the socioeconomic processes that will habitually accept implementation (Lundquist Granek, 2005). These processes include information on resource industries, political systems, legal frameworks for protection, social systems and consideration of potential socioeconomic impacts of protected area designation.Education, though fundamental is not the only area in which focus needs to be placed. Of extreme importance as well is the need for the goal of the protected area to be clearly defined. Explicit goals and objectives that are defined early in the design process is important for improving communication and standardizing expectations of stakeholder groups ( Lundquist Granek, 2005) thus allowing stakeholders to be fully aware of the expected outcomes and methods for measuring success consequently encouraging more willing support.Management examples oceanic protected areas have met limited success in many developing countries and some researchers attribute part of these shortcomings to inadequate attention to the social context of conserving marine resources (Cinner, 2007). Marine protected areas are important in protecting the marine environment, but are also have substantial socio-cultural impacts (Badalamenti et al., 2000). In many MPAs, the success of the protective initiatives frequently tends to be proportional to the degree of involvement of the local community (West Brechin, 1991 cited in Badalamenti et al., 2000). Considering the fact that effective execution of community involvement programs is quite multifaceted, one whitethorn be curious as to how many programs have actually been implemented and what factors contributed to its success or demise.Granek and Brown (2005) conducted a 3 year study that analyzed the co-management practices implemented in Mohli Marine Park, Comoros Islands. Their assessments proved that even though the co-management approach had some inevitable gutlessnesses, the strengths significantly benefited the park. Granek and Brown (2005) showed that co-management that integrated education, use of indigenous local knowledge, capacity building and community commitment provided partial mitigation where there was a lack of resources, weak governmental enforcement and inadequate scientific data. Through this integration, the local empowerment that resulted contributed to the development of a conservation ethic that provided potential for long-term success through local interest (Granek Brown, 2005). Co-management in the Mohli Marine Park also proved to empower community leaders and therefore evaded traditional hierarchical political construction (Granek Brown, 2005). Involving the c ommunity proved to be of significance because this particular park lacked adequate scientific data, therefore requiring traditional knowledge as a substitute for limited ecological data. This in turn sparked local interest in being active in tracking the parks success.Unfortunately however, with these strengths also exists shortcomings of this co-management approach, for example, parks such as these that are based on limited scientific data and rely on traditional knowledge may hinder strong point. A lack of baseline data limits the ability of future research to quantitatively measure success (Granek Brown, 2005). There is also the problem of inadequate government resources that can affect the park success and although there is community involvement in monitoring and policing the park, lack of adequate government enforcement continues to affect its success. Other shortcomings include larger outgo political and economic issues such as overpopulation, or lack of available funding which can undermine conservation efforts. However, all in all, the co-management of Mohli Marine Park has been successful thus far and the park has seen a notable increase in ecotourism with an average of 200 visitors per year, and even though the designation and implementation of this park were limited by available science, technical and financial resources and federal personnel, it has been compensated by the strength and interest of the local community (Granek Brown, 2005).Successful community-based management has also been observed in the case of Puerto Morelos let down, Mxico. In this MPA, the initiation and maintenance had five stages (a) community leaders who would participate in the project were identify (b) consensus on the need to protect the reef through discussion among stakeholders, NGOs and scientists were generated (c) involvement of government agencies in establishing the status of the MPA (d) take-over of decision-making by centralized government agencies and (e ) continues problem-solving process between the government and stakeholders (Rodrguez-Martinz, 2008). As previously mentioned, education plays an important role and in Puerto Morelos, public education was a main factor in gaining community support for the creation and management of the MPA. General education programs began in the early 1990s with participation of NGOs and scientists and expanded to schools with local teacher researchers, tourist operators and MPA personnel in 2003 (Rodrguez-Martinz, 2008). everlasting educational programs began in 2004 which were designed to teach tourist guides about the values, functions, uses and fragility of coral reefs in order to heighten their interest in coral reef conservation and to provide them with better tools for work (Rodrguez-Martinz, 2008). Visual aids and public awareness materials such as websites, booklets and fliers were also used to educated students and the wider public. The efforts put into community education highly contrib uted to an increase in the willingness to accept the MPA designation and also allowed all community sectors to be open to participation during and after the creation phase. The last result is that Puerto Morelos reef has a very cohesive management strategy that gives the community a sense of ownership of the process and readiness to comply, resulting in an increase in the development of social capital.Pollnac et al., (2001) examined the factors that influence the success of community-based marine protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines. The Phillipines is an extreme example where governmental policy, international aid, universities and NGOs have resulted in the establishment of over 400 MPAs (Pollnac et al., 2001). However, only about 20-25 percent of these MPAs in the Phillipines are successful, raising concern that this high failure rate may result in the rejection of the community-based approach. This study was conducted on 45 community-based marine protected areas in the Ph illipines to conclude what factors led to the small success rate and whether or not these factors can be used to better the situation of the other 75 percent of MPA designation. At the conclusion of their study, it was indicated that six main factors appeared to be the most important in the general success of the community-based MPAs on their sample.Population size was the first observed factor, where the population sizes of the successful MPAs was noted to be relatively small (Pollnac et al., 2001). It was observed that for initial cooperation, a perceived crisis was needed before the project was started, for example reduced fish populations. There was also the need for successful alternative income projects considering the community may not be able to use the resource after protection was designated. A relatively high level of community participation in the decision making process that was high on the democracy scale with, continuing advice from the implementing organization alon g with inputs from the municipal government were also noted. Though these factors were deemed the most important, it is important to note that they are not the only contributors and even though they worked in these areas the factors may differ in other areas.Hind et al. (2008) conducted studies in Apo Island, Phillipines in attempt to show the benefits of community involvement (bottom-up approach). This study analyzed the do of the transition of Apo Island from being rated one of the best community-involved MPAs to changing into a top-down, solely governmental organized MPA. Observations showed that the MPA went from being fully supported by the community to complete community disenchantment. This change in management strategy by governmental take over resulted in the exclusion of the community and stakeholder input, resulting is lack of interest and compliance to regulations.Considering the complex heterogeneity of the breathing community within the Buccoo Reef and Bon Accord reg ion, sole community management may be very difficult to achieve as there will be a plethora of opinions and personal preferences to appease. Considering the aforementioned examples of successful community management of MPAs where the communities involved are somewhat fluid and more dependent on the resource and thus focused on the goal of conservation rather than that of personal gain as the community of Buccoo Reef, leads to another obstacle in achieving effective community management. This therefore lends to the suggestion of a combination of both top-down and bottom-up strategies to ensure effective management. Recognition is growing for such a combined management strategy as being ideal, as it is an approach that is government-driven but also heavily involves stakeholders (MPA connections). This therefore can lead to an increase in the social capital of the region as involvement in the decision making process can heighten interest in conservation and protection of the MPA.In the Caribbean there are said to be greater than 285 MPAs (Burke and Maidens, 2004). The management success of these parks highly varies, with some just being paper parks, and others being successfully managed (see figure 8). In order to obtain this information, Burke and Maidens (2004) analyzed effectiveness of MPAs based on four major criteria the presence of management activity and to what extent enforcement is executed, the presence of a management plan and the presence of resources. The results obtained showed that as more as 49% of MPAs in the Caribbean region are deemed as being inadequate with only 5% being considered good. Some studies suggest that MPAs are often unsuccessful as a reef conservation strategy especially in developing countries, where socio-economic factors such as poverty can drive resource exploitation and the capacity for enforcement is often lacking (McClanahan 1999, in Cinner, 2007).Tourism and Carrying CapacityTourism is the fastest growing sector of the g lobal economy, and in most countries, coastal tourism is the largest sector of this industry (Tourism and Recreation). In many countries, especially developing small island states, tourism contributes a significant and growing portion of GDP and is often the major course of foreign exchange (Tourism and Recreation). In 1998, direct and indirect GDP from travel and tourism in the Caribbean was over US$28 billion, invoice for approximately 25% of the regions total GDP (WTTC 1999 in Tourism and Recreation). In the Caribbean, tourism is largely coastal or marine in nature and has been make upon the traditional aesthetic appeal of beaches, a marine environment suitable for a range of recreational activities, and warm weather conditions all year round of golf (Tourism and Recreation). Considering the lure of the natural environment, the tourism industry within the Caribbean benefits largely from pristine surroundings, and thus, uncontrolled expansion and mismanagement can harm the very resources on which it is based (WTTC et al., 1997 in Tourism and Recreation). Tourism growth rates vary greatly among Caribbean states, with U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico being 15-19% between 1990 and 1994, while that of Grenada, Aruba, Trinidad and Tobago and the Caymans reported as being 33-37% growth, and that of Belize , St. Lucia and Guadeloupe amounting to as practically as 50-65% growth for the same time period (Tourism and Recreation).Marine protected areas are established for the primary purpose of conservation or preservation (Agardy et al., 2003), but their multiple use designation often incorporates a recreation and tourism component (Sorice et al., 2007). Undoubtedly, these use values benefit local and regional economies while also raising awareness and support of coral reef conservation, but unfortunately however, tourism and recreation participation can pose various threats to the marine resources, especially to fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs (Sorice e t al., 2007). This illustrates the well-known concept of tourism as a double-edged sword and the tenuous proportionality between positive and negative impacts (Diedrich, 2007). In the past 20 years, there have been larger increases in visitation to marine protected areas in many parts of the world (Inglis et al., 1999).With this increase, is an associated increase in rates of participation in marine related activities such as snorkeling, scuba diving and reef pass (David and Tisdell, 1995) and thus, MPAs are increasingly challenged to maintain or increase tourism benefits while striving to protect the resource (Sorice at al., 2007).Tourism has been thought of as a low-impact coral reef use, relative to extractive practices such as harvesting corals and fish for commercial purpose (Talge, 1993 in Zakai and Chadwick-Furman, 2002), however recent evidence has demonstrated that reefs may become degraded as a result of poor planned or intensive tourist use (Jameson et al., in Zakai and Chadwick-Furman, 2002). A reckon of studies have demonstrated that recreation and tourism activities such as scuba diving and snorkeling are threats to coral reefs because touching, standing, or trampling on reefs can cause serious damage such as coral breakage, abrasion and mortality (Hawkins et al., 1999 in Needham, 2010). Studies conducted on reef flats in Egypt have proven that heavily trampled reef flat areas showed a linear increase of coral damage with increased trampling intensities resulting in reduced coral cover, higher amounts of coral damage, less old dead coral, less obligate corallivorous fishes and more herbivores (Leujak, Ormond, 2007). Considering these findings, it might become necessary to restrict the number of visitors to a site, which raises the question How much use is too much?In order to attempt to answer such a question, one must consider looking at the notion of carrying capacity. Carrying capacity in tourism is a term used often to measure the level of tourism or tourism development an area can accommodate without adverse effects on the resident community, the natural environment, or the quality of visitor experience (UNEP AND WTO, 1992 in Tourism and Recreation). The basic concept of carrying capacity, the need for a limit of doorway in the tourist activity is present in one way or other in the concerns and priorities of local policy makers for sustainable tourism development (Kostopoulou and Kyritsis, 2006). However, to the extent that tourism related pressures on the natural environment create problems on the functioning of protected areas, management agencies need to determine what the various thresholds should be (Kostopoulou and Kyritsis, 2006).When considering thresholds, research has proposed two distinct carrying capacity concepts. Firstly there is the notion of, ecological or biological carrying capacity, defined by Martin and Uysal (1990) as the maximum number of tourists that can be accommodated without causing exces sive environmental degradation and by Hawkins and Roberts (1997) as the amount of use below which an ecosystem can tolerate the amount of hinderance or stress, but above which degradation ensues (Leujak and Ormond, 2008). Secondly, there is the concept of social carrying capacity, which is defined as the level of use before a decline in users recreation experience ensues (OReilly et al., 1986).Social carrying capacity has been proposed as a management tool for use in coastal tourism, with a decline in attractive force of a beach status, as detected by a decline in visitor numbers being taken as an indicator of unsustainable resource use (OReilly, 1986). Any tourist destination where the environment is important can lose its attractiveness through either deterioration of the environment most likely due to crowding. Several studies have been undertaken to investigate visitor perceptions, mostly in terrestrial settings, with only a few in marine environments (Leujak and Ormond, 2007 ). However these studies have confirmed crowding as one of the major factors contributing to visitor dissatisfaction (Hoover et al., 1985 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007), with perceptions of crowding depending on different factors such as visitor characteristics and the location where encounters take place (O Reilly et al., 1986). Studies have shown that crowding norms appear strongly dependant on expectations, with visitors with greater experience of nature being more sensitive to visitor density (Manning 1985 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Intensified recreational use has been shown to reduce recreational enjoyment as negative impacts such as litter, or damage to plants, trees or corals tend to reduce aesthetic appeal and overall experience, although individuals with a lower degree of environmental concern appear to be more accepting of such impacts (Priskin, 2003 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Visitor behavior also has an influence on a locations carrying capacity, as visitors may either simply not be aware of the impact they are having, they may be unable to change their behavior as a result of inexperience (for example inexperienced snorkelers or weak swimmers may be in need of instant rest while being out on a reef), or they may be unaware if existing regulations (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). As such it is important to take visitor perception, awareness and satisfaction into account when accessing any tourist destination, or in this case, a protected area as it can provide essential information for sustainable management (Daily 2000, in Uyarra et al., 2009).Leujak and Ormond (2007) used this notion of social carrying capacity and administered questionnaires at various park locations in Egypt which addressed activity preference, coral reef knowledge and park regulation awareness. Visitor perception of reef quality and crowding were also taken into consideration. Based on their findings, it was estimated that to achieve a greater than 50% of visitors being satisfied about reef health, average coral cover would need to be around 25 to 30%, whereas a decrease of coral cover to 20% would leave only 40% of visitors satisfied and a reduction to 10% would leave only 25% satisfied (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Results from this study showed that experienced recreationalists were more susceptible to overcrowding, preferring fewer people, whereas the less experienced showed preference to larger crowds. Various literatures have stated that determining the carrying capacity of a reef system is highly specific and still somewhat not fully understood. However, despite the difficulty of accurately assessing the carrying capacity of coral reefs for recreational use, the concept of carrying capacity remains an important and useful tool for coral reef management (Davis and Tisdell, 1995). Management must develop a concept that establishes the best allowable rate of visitation for the specific park in question as there is no one way to determine this since each sit e will have varying factors acting on it. It is important to assess these factors in order to allow for sustainable tourism within any protected area. The management plan of BRMP has indicated the need to establish some sort of cap on visitation to the reef in order to achieve sustainable usage however no methods to achieving this goal have been mentioned. Sustainable tourism development not only has the potential for longer-term economic benefits for a community, but also can serve to limit environmental degradation (Tourism and Recreation).

History of the Hydrofoil :: Watercraft Boat

Hydrofoil HistoryAlthough a hydroplane is defined by the Columbia University Press as a flat or curved finlike device, attached by struts to the hull of a vas that lifts the moving watercraft above the waters surface, the word is often used in extension helper to the watercraft as a whole. Using the same principles as an airplane wing, the foil develops lift as it moves through the water, eventually raising the hull of the gravy holder above the surface as it reaches higher speeds. Thus, the drag go through by the vessel is far less, making the ship far more efficient and sparing to run. In fact, hydrofoils are now the vehicles of choice as ferries in many European and Asian countries, as well as for the American military. However, though the hydrofoil maintains the appearance of simple functionality, it is actually quite a coordination compound mechanism with deep-rooted history. Lets take a look In 1906, an name published in Scientific American outlined the staple pri nciples under which a hydrofoil should function. Logically, the principles made sense, but they had never been put into practice. However, always up for a challenge, Alexander Graham Bell got to work on the physical construction of such a vehicle, completing his work in the year 1919. His masterpiece, the HD-4 counterbalance a world nautical speed record of 114 km/h a record that remained unbroken for over ten years. During testing, Bells colleague, Casey Baldwin was give tongue to to describe a ride on the HD-4 as cosmos as smooth as flying. As word of the speed and efficiency of this new marine vessel spread, many others became interested in the use of the hydrofoil, specially for commercial purposes. Thus, in 1952, the first commercial hydrofoil was launched, with the capability of transporting 32 passengers at a speed of 35 knots. Given its simple mechanics, this accomplishment was deemed remarkable. As such, many other countries including Canada, the United States , and what was the Soviet Union began to commission research on high-performance military hydrofoils. The results were outstanding. Eventually, hydrofoils proved to be very fast and well-armed, undefendable of sinking nearly any and every other surface vessel. In addition to their service in the military, hydrofoils are still widely used now as tourist transportation.History of the Hydrofoil Watercraft BoatHydrofoil HistoryAlthough a hydrofoil is defined by the Columbia University Press as a flat or curved finlike device, attached by struts to the hull of a watercraft that lifts the moving watercraft above the waters surface, the word is often used in reference to the watercraft as a whole. Using the same principles as an airplane wing, the foil develops lift as it moves through the water, eventually raising the hull of the boat above the surface as it reaches higher speeds. Thus, the drag experienced by the vessel is far less, making the ship far more efficient and economi cal to run. In fact, hydrofoils are now the vehicles of choice as ferries in many European and Asian countries, as well as for the American military. However, though the hydrofoil maintains the appearance of simple functionality, it is actually quite a complex mechanism with deep-rooted history. Lets take a look In 1906, an article published in Scientific American outlined the basic principles under which a hydrofoil should function. Logically, the principles made sense, but they had never been put into practice. However, always up for a challenge, Alexander Graham Bell got to work on the physical construction of such a vehicle, completing his work in the year 1919. His masterpiece, the HD-4 set a world marine speed record of 114 km/h a record that remained unbroken for over ten years. During testing, Bells colleague, Casey Baldwin was said to describe a ride on the HD-4 as being as smooth as flying. As word of the speed and efficiency of this new marine vessel spread, many others became interested in the use of the hydrofoil, particularly for commercial purposes. Thus, in 1952, the first commercial hydrofoil was launched, with the capability of transporting 32 passengers at a speed of 35 knots. Given its simple mechanics, this accomplishment was deemed remarkable. As such, many other countries including Canada, the United States, and what was the Soviet Union began to commission research on high-performance military hydrofoils. The results were outstanding. Eventually, hydrofoils proved to be very fast and well-armed, capable of sinking nearly any and every other surface vessel. In addition to their service in the military, hydrofoils are still widely used today as tourist transportation.

The Role Of Language Essay -- essays research papers

The Role of LanguageCan contemporary discourse presume a community of interest? In order to answer this question, one is forced to first answer the question, cig bet language be employ to reveal anything new? If the answer is yes, then how can it do this and how can we employ it to do this for us. Also, one is forced to ask what is it exactly that we be looking for? Once weve found it, how can we use it to emend our present condition? Plato and Descartes both believe that language can indeed improve our conditions through its revelation, and both give methods to attain new knowledge. Although immensely differing, in that Descartes builds knowledge from the ground up, while Plato works from a distorted view, and seeks to clarify it, their philosophies mean the most, and have the highest practical purpose when they are employed together. By basing a Socratic argument on Descartes pre-established truths, one can attain undoubtable new knowledge. This knowledge can, and will improve society. The reason it will do this is interpretable by looking at the tendency that man has to correct himself once he knows in certitude that he has been mistaken in his actions. Any instruct individual who has, in the past, made mistakes due to their own ignorance, would, upon learning the error of their ways, not return into err, but use the knowledge to correct their previous mistake. So it is with society. Once we find out where we are in err, it would be ignorant of us not to correct ourselves. Before we can look at decision knowledge, however, we must first look at how we should properly use language.Socrates and Plato see language mainly as the mechanism to provide truth and knowledge. In pleasant in argument, Socrates is given a definition of a word such as courage, justice or piety. Then, rather than giving his own definition in retort, he offers a situation in which the given definition is incorrect and then ch entirelyenges his opponents to find something which is c ommon to exclusively courageous, just or pious acts. The vulgarity in things is the goal that Plato and Socrates are striving for. What makes things, like just acts, the same even though they all differ in some way? What is it that all separate just acts have in common so that they are recognizable as just acts? Knowledge is to know what isnt evident in the object or action, but to know what it is that makes all objects ... ...ve no one would care to argue this point. Since we are contented with our lot in life and do not care to search for truth but rather have it handed to us for the cost of an education, cable bill and Internet connection per month, are we not the fools who are content while the enlightened few, the philosophers and all those others who think for themselves, remain discontented with our situation. As Plato and Socrates would certainly suggest, language use is essential if we are to have some idea of a means to achieving our goal as humans in society. It is qui te evident now that language is indeed a powerful tool and can be used for reasons of knowledge and for reasons of power. It is also quite obvious that today only a small number of the universe use their own heads to think and leave the power solely to the modern institutions of knowledge distribution. By using Aristotelian Logic, arguments can be used to produce truths, so long as the premises are true, and Descartes has provided this foundational truth. Using argument, talking to each other, one can find the commonality in all things, and discover what our own commonalties are as human beings and as elements in the state.